Training, Pruning, etc. 



growth to assist in producing it. Hence it is evident that 

 the tree must be restricted in one direction in order to 

 increase the production of the other. The object in con- 

 fining a tree to some definite shape is twofold. There is, 

 first of all, the restriction of growth to add to the fruitful- 

 ness, and secondly, a symmetry of form to enable the tree 



FIG. 93 . 

 Bush-shaped. 





FIG. 94. 

 A Standard. 



FIG. 95. 



FIG. 96. 



An Espalier. A Upright. 

 B Oblique. 

 C Horizontal Cordon. 



-4~ 



FIG. 97. FIG. 98. 



Horizontal trained. Upright trained. 



FIG. 99. 

 Fan-shaped. 



to benefit fully from light and air, and to enable the 

 cultivator to get to all parts of a tree without doing 

 damage to any. 



If a tree is to be made into a proper shape it must 

 be taken in hand when young. Any attempt to alter the 



course of a tree when it has experienced many summers 

 177 M 



