WATER POWER AND ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENTS 9 



to Redlands and there used for lighting and industrial motor 

 applications. 



Before the end of the same year another polyphase plant was 

 installed at Hartford, Conn., where 400 Kw. was transmitted 

 11 miles at 5000 volts. This plant replaced a single-phase in- 

 stallation which had been delivering power for lighting over the 

 same line since 1891. 



With these plants began the era of hydro-electric power trans- 

 mission in the country, and statistics show that nearly three 

 hundred plants were in actual operation about 1896. It would be 

 almost impossible to tabulate all the thousands of plants and 

 systems now in operation. Single plants with capacities of one- 

 quarter million horse-power have been built, Fig. 3, and power 

 is now being commercially transmitted for distances of nearly 

 250 miles at potentials of 150,000 volts, Fig. 4. As yet the limit 

 is not in sight, but one thing is certain, that the introduction of 

 the electric system and the evolution in the design of apparatus 

 have made possible the concentration of such enormous amounts 

 of power which are now generated in modern stations and its 

 transmission for long distances to centers where an economical 

 market can be found. 



HISTORICAL REVIEW OF WATER-WHEEL DEVELOPMENT 



1740 Barker's Mill, the simplest type of tangential outflow turbines, was 

 invented. It had radial arms and operated purely by reaction. 



1823 M. Fourneyron began his experiments with the radial outward-flow 

 turbine. 



1826 A radial inward-flow turbine was proposed by Poncelet. 



1827 The first Fourneyron turbine was erected at Pont Sur 1'Ognon, France. 



1836 Samuel B. Howd of Geneva, N. Y., obtained a patent on an inward- 



flow turbine. 



1837 Fourneyron erected a turbine at St. Blaise, Switzerland, which oper- 



ated under a head of 354 feet. 



1837 O. Henschel, of Cassel, Germany, invented the downward axial-dis- 

 charge turbine, later known by the name of Jonval or Koechlin. 



1841 The first axial-discharge wheel was introduced into practice by the 



French engineer, Jonval. 



1842 James Whitelaw, of Paisley, developed an improved type of Barker's 



Mill which was erected on Chard Canal. This wheel had spiral 

 tapering arms so curved that the water flowed radially when the wheel 

 was running at proper speed. 



1844 A Fourneyron turbine, constructed by Uriah A. Boyden, was erected 

 at Appleton Company's cotton mills in Lowell, Mass. 



