>46 GARDEN FOES. 



Rust.— Thiis is generally caused by some check to the 

 bellies when they are quite small and tender. Putting 

 on a lot of ventilation when the house has become very hot 

 will cause it. Syringing the lYipes when they are very hot, 

 and causing a large volume of hot steam, will also promote 

 the development of rust. Putting sulphur on the pipes 

 and making them hot when the berries are quite small 

 will have the same effect. 



Kemedies. — There is no cure for rust, but it can be pre- 

 vented by abstaining from doing such things as mentioned 

 above. 



Shanking^. — Shanking is generally caused from the 

 lack of sufficient food to supply the demand made upon 

 the plant by the crop. This lack of food may be from 

 one of several causes. It is very often the result of over- 

 cropping of either the year in w^hich it is seen or some 

 previous year; a bad attack of either Eed Spider or Mil- 

 dew, which robs the leaves of nutriment, and prevents 

 them carrying on their work; a wet, cold subsoil, or one 

 that has too much animal manure in the border, causing 

 late autumn growth, the roots afterwards dying back dur- 

 ing winter. If the borders are properly made and kept 

 regularly mulched, so that the roots are near the surface, 

 shanking will not take place from this cause. 



PiEMEDiES. — Lifting the roots and bringing them near the 

 surface, as advised in renovating old vines, will remedy 

 the evil if the roots are at fault. This disease causes the 

 berries and stalks to shrivel instead of developing, and is 

 easily recognised. 



Thrips. — There are few^ insects more destructive than 

 thri])s. The one which attacks grape vines is Helio- 

 thrips hannorrhoidalis, a dark brown, four - winged 

 insect, with a reddish - tipped body, pale yellow 

 e^^es and limbs, and measuring l-20in. in length. It 

 is wonderfully agile in its habits, jumping away 

 dJ-ectlv the leaf it is on is touched. The larvae — 



