INSECTS. 279 



the beetles come out. (2) Spraying in winter with For- 

 mulae Nos. 1 or 2. (3) Cutting down and burning the bark 

 of badly-infested trees. 



Galls on Oak Leaves, etc — On the leaves of the 

 oak, lime, willow, and rose, fleshy protuberances may often 

 be seen. These do no serious harm, however, to the 

 trees unless very prevalent, in which case the growth of 

 the tree is frequently seriously crippled. The principal 

 kinds of galls are: Marble Gall, or Oak Apple; Common 

 Spangle Gall; Currant Gall; Nail Gall of the Lime; Horse- 

 bean Gall of the Willow ; and the Bedeguar Gall of the 

 Dog Rose. Each of these galls owes its existence to the 

 larvae of small wasps or flies. The latter lay their eggs 

 in the leaves, and the larvae feed upon the sap, .and gradu- 

 ally cause the tissues to grow around them and form the 

 curiously-shaped excrescences. We cannot afford the 

 space to give a detailed description of each. 



Remedies. — Suffice it to say that these galls should be 

 cut off and burnt when seen, to prevent the larvae develop- 

 ing and becoming more numerous in future years. 



Gipsy Moth (Liparis dispar). — The male moths have 

 brown wings and the females grey ones. On the fore 

 wings are short brown stripes with spotted fringes. They 

 appear in July and August. The eggs are laid during 

 those months, and these hatch in April and May The 

 larvae are light grey, speckled with dark- grey, and have 

 a yellow head marked with black. On each of the first 

 five segments are a pair of blue tubercles, and on the 

 remaining segments the tubercles are blood-red. On each 

 tubercle is a tuft of hair, and there are yellow marks 

 on the sides of the body. The larvae appear from April 

 to July, and feed on the foliage of the apple, pear, plum, 

 oak, lime, etc., often doing serious injury thereto. 



This pest must be reported at once to the Board of 

 Agriculture inspector, as advised in Chapter V. 



Holly Leaf Miner (Phtomyza illicis).— The leaves 



