Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown 



587. Towhee; Chewink (Tipilo erythrophthalmus). 

 L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. 

 Ad. J 1 . Above and breast black; sides reddish chest- 

 nut; belly white. Ad. 9 . Above and breast brown. 

 Call, cbewink or towhee; song, a loud, not over 

 musical sweet bird sm-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain /'// try. 



Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 

 Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win- 

 ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. 



58 7 a. White-eyed Towhee (T. e. alleni). Similar 

 to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath 

 ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. 

 Call, towhee, much sharper than.t.hat of No. 587. 



Range. Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. 



588. Arc'cic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L. 

 8.7. Ad.tf. White tip of outer tail-feather more than i. 3 

 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back 

 black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. 9. 

 Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings 

 than in cf Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew\ song, 

 suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, 

 less musical. 



Range.- Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west- 

 ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to 

 Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 



588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. mega.lonyx) . Simi- 

 lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings 

 on front of back; white markings on back less num- 

 erous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long. 



Range. Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds 

 from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of 

 range. 



588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m, oregonus}. Similar 

 to No. 5883, but darker; practically no brownish edg- 

 ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark- 

 ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather 

 less than i. long; sides much deeper. 



Range. Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; 

 winters south to southern California. 



588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementai). 

 Similar to No. 5883. but adult male with black duller or 

 grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) 



Range. "San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat- 

 alina Islands," southern California. (.Grinneil.) 



288d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar 

 to No. 5883, but decidedly darker, with white markings 

 of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black. 



Range. The southern coast district of southern California, south 

 into Lower California. (Ridgw.) 



588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Sim- 

 ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal- 

 er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.) 



Range. - Cape Region of Lower California. 



589. Uuadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus] . Sim- 

 ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but 

 wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw 

 much larger; Ad. $ sooty rather than black (Ridgw.) 



Range. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



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