Contents 



8. MODES OF GROWTH AND VEGETATIVE EEPRODUCTION. Mono- 

 podial and Sympodial Stems Forms of Inflorescence Flower 

 Buds and Pruning Propagation by Roots Propagation by 

 Stems Propagation by Leaves - 55 



9. THE FLOWER AND ITS FUNCTIONS. The Parts of a Flower 

 Pollination and Fertilization Sexual Reproduction Cross- 

 breeding and Hybridization Various Forms of Fruit Seeds 

 Germination - - 60 



SECTION III. METHODS OF PROPAGATION 



Seeds Vitality of Seeds Seed Sowing Cuttings Woody Cuttings 

 Leaf Cuttings Ringing Root Cuttings Layering Runners 

 Suckers Offsets Bulbils Division of the Rootstock Bud- 

 ding Grafting Whip Grafting Cleft and Rind Grafting 

 Saddle Grafting Side Grafting Herbaceous Grafting Root 

 Grafting Inarching or Grafting by Approach Bottle Grafting 71 



SECTION IV. THE SCIENCE OF THE SOIL 



1. INTRODUCTORY - 89 



2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. Sand Clay Loam Chalk Lime 



Peat Humus Advantages of Humus - - 91 



3. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS - 96 



4. How SOILS HAVE BEEN MADE. Water Frost Heat Wind 



Vegetation - - 98 



5. CULTURAL OPERATIONS. Ploughing Digging Double Digging 

 Trenching Ridging Up Raking and Harrowing Rolling 

 Hoeing - - 101 



6. THE BEST TIME TO WORK THE SOIL - - 107 



7. PLANT FOODS IN THE SOIL AND AIR - - 108 



8. How TO EXTRACT PLANT FOODS FROM THE SOIL - 112 



9. WATER IN THE SOIL. How Moisture is Lost Loss of Water 

 through the Leaves Movement of Water in the Soil Water 

 Lost by Weeds The Upward Movement of Moisture in Soils: 

 Capillary Attraction Conserving the Moisture in Soil: The 

 Use of Hoeing and Mulching - - 116 



10. LIVING ORGANISMS IN THE SOIL. Nitrification Soil Inoculation 



Deriitrification - - 125 



11. STERILIZING SOILS. Burning and Steaming the Soil - - 130 



12. ELECTRIFYING THE SOIL - - 131 



13. SOIL ANALYSIS. Chemical Analysis Lime Carbonate Phos- 

 phates Potash Iron Calcium Carbonate Humus Magnesia 132 



