58 Commercial Gardening 



laterals may be pruned back to one or two good buds near the main rod. 

 Hybrid Perpetual and bush Tea Roses produce their flowers on the growths 

 of the current year, and for this reason may be pruned hard back to get 

 good flowers. Climbing Tea Roses, like Gloire de Dijon and Bouquet d'Or, 

 Climbing Hybrid Teas, Noisettes like William A. Richardson, and Wichu- 

 raiana Roses, must not have their long young stems cut hard back, or few 

 or no flowers will be obtainable during the forthcoming season. Banksian 

 Roses produce their flowers on shoots of the first or second year's growth 

 from the main stem, and these secondary or tertiary shoots must be tied 

 or nailed up full length. All these climbing types require thinning chiefly, 

 and two-year-old stems removed to prevent crowding. Deutzias, Guelder 

 Roses, Lilacs, Cytisus, Genista, Forsythia, Hydrangea hortensis, and other 

 shrubs that set their buds on wood of the previous year must not have 

 these cut back till after the flowering period, and then it should be done 

 at once where necessary. 



Propagation by Roots. Many plants may be propagated by cutting 

 up the roots into short lengths and inserting them as cuttings, and in the 

 absence of seeds they may be rapidly increased in this way. The roots 

 of the Gean (Prunus Aviuni), Plum stocks for varieties of garden Plums, 

 Poplars, and English Elm naturally develop suckers on their roots and 

 may be propagated in this way. The roots of Bouvardias, Senecio pulcher, 

 Anemone japonica, Ailanthus glandulosa, Seakale, Horse Radish, and many 

 others may be cut into short pieces and inserted as cuttings, when they 

 give rise to buds which grow into plants. Some of these roots are fleshy, 

 but in any case they can only give rise to buds owing to the presence 

 of formative matter or reserve food in them, usually starch. The under- 

 ground parts of Mints, Solomon's Seal, Lily of the Valley, and many 

 others used for propagation are not roots but rhizomes or underground 

 stems, and branches in the case of the Potato and Jerusalem Artichoke. 



Propagation by Stems. This is the most common method of in- 

 creasing plants, whether by cuttings, budding, grafting, inarching, layering, 

 rhizomes, corms, eyes, or runners. Due care must be taken as to the 

 likely places where starch or other reserve material may be stored. For 

 instance, a Dahlia cutting, with a piece of the old tuber, will strike with 

 more certainty than a piece of the young stem alone. The same applies 

 to cuttings of Everlasting Peas, Lychnis chalcedonica flore pleno, L. dioica 

 flore pleno, Gypsophila paniculata flore pleno, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, 

 and other choice varieties, which it is desirable to keep true to name. 

 They should be cut as near the rootstock as possible. The same reason 

 holds good with cuttings of Roses and many other shrubs, to be cut at 

 a joint, or with a heel of the old wood. Such cuttings are always more 

 solid at a joint than elsewhere, and less liable to damp off, but there is 

 always a greater storage of food in those places than between the joints, 

 because it comes from the leaf, and the bud or young shoot in its axil 

 has to be fed. 



Propagation by Leaves. Many Ferns, including a large number of 



