84 Commercial Gardening 



ance of an Apple grower's prospects. A row of Apple trees given over 

 to their ravages looks after a week or two of the experience as if scorched 

 by the Sirocco. 



Some sorts of Apples are more susceptible to the attack than others. 

 " Ecklinville Seedling", "Gladstone", and "Devonshire Quarrenden" are 

 among the worst. " Lord Grosvenor", " The Queen", " Lane's Prince Albert" 

 will crop merrily, when the varieties first mentioned are browned, dejected, 

 and fruitless on account of the Apple Sucker. 



Various remedies are recommended. It was claimed for some winter 

 sprays that they possessed the power of destroying the eggs; that claim 

 has gone to the limbo of unfulfilled intentions. 



The lime-and-salt spray is much believed in by some advisers of the 

 fruit grower; whether any who have tried it remain true to the faith, it is 

 perhaps too soon to know. It is claimed for this spray, or rather wash, 

 that it seals up the embryo sucker in his egg, and thus makes it his tomb, 

 and also that it cleans the tree of lichen and other harbours of hibernating 

 insects. One thing is certain, it is a most unholy preparation to handle, 

 and the grower who himself puts it on his trees deserves a certificate of 

 immunity from all pests for years. [w. G. L.] 



Other Apple Pests. A very large number of other insects attack 

 the Apple, including the following more abundant ones: The Gold Tail 

 Moth (Porthesia similis); the Figure-of-8 Moth (Diloba cceruleocephala); 

 Pepper-and-salt Moth (Amyphidasys betularia); various Tortrices (Tortrix 

 ribeana, T. podana, &c.); The Small Ermine Moth (ffyponomeuta 

 nialinella}; various Leaf Miners (Lyonetia derckella, Cemiostoma scitella, 

 &c.): Fruit Bark Beetle (Scolytus rugulosus); Cock Chafers (Melolontha 

 vulgaris, Phyllopertha horticola); Leaf Weevils (Phyllobius oblongus and 

 P. maculicornis); Oyster -shell Bark Louse (Aspidiotus ostreceformis'); 

 Brown Scale (Lecanium caprece)', Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda), &c. 

 For these and other Apple pests the reader is referred to my work on 

 the Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard, Bush, and Hothouse Fruits. 



[F. v. T.] 



8. FUNGOID DISEASES OF THE APPLE 



Apple Scab (Venturia incequalis). This is undoubtedly the most 

 injurious fungus parasite attacking the Apple, and unfortunately it 

 abounds wherever the Apple is cultivated. It is estimated that the annual 

 loss due to "spotted" fruit caused by this fungus exceeds 1,000,000 

 sterling. 



Until recently the fungus causing scab was known as Fusicladium 

 dendriticum. It has, however, now been discovered that the Fusicladium 

 is only the summer condition of a fungus which produces fruit the spring 

 after its formation. This is the higher or Venturia stage. Naturally 

 the scabs or black spots on the fruit are best known to horticulturists, 

 but its occurrence is by no means confined to the fruit. If we take a 



