206 Commercial Gardening 



to a bud pointing away from the centre. In this way new young wood 

 will develop lower down the main branches, and will in due course bear 

 fruit. After this, such shoots, being no longer useful for fruiting pur- 

 poses, may be cut back to a couple of buds at the base, so as to give 

 rise to fresh shoots, which will eventually be subjected to the same 

 process. 



The best kind of nut for market purposes is " Kentish Cob " or 

 " Lambert Filbert ". It grows vigorously, and bears large thick-shelled 

 nuts in clusters of three or four, sometimes more, sometimes less, accord- 

 ing to the season. There are over twenty other kinds of nuts, of which, 

 perhaps, Webb's Prize Cob Filbert is the best for trade purposes. 



2. NUT PESTS 



The Nut Weevil (Balaninus nucum}. Cob, filbert, and wild hazels 

 are often badly damaged by a maggot or grub which eats out the kernel. 

 This is the larva of the Nut Weevil {Balaninus nucum). This weevil can 

 readily be distinguished by its long curved proboscis. In length it is 

 about J in., the colour tawny brown, densely clothed with golden-brown 

 pubescence. The beetles lay their eggs in the small and tender nuts, 

 first piercing them with their proboscis. The egg hatches in eight or 

 ten days. The maggot, which feeds on the kernel, is white, footless, and 

 fleshy, fat and curved, with brown head; length rather more than in. 

 When mature the maggot eats its way out of the nut and leaves behind 

 a small round hole in the shell. The winter is passed in the pupal stage 

 in a cocoon of earth in the soil. 



TREATMENT. This pest may be checked by spraying in May with 

 arsenate of lead. Winter cultivation of the soil beneath the bushes 

 destroys a good manjr. 



Other Nut Pests. The Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata), Mottled 

 Umber Moth (Hybernia defoliaria), Buff Tip Moth (Phalera bucephala), 

 Nut-leaf Blister Moth (Lithocolletis coryli), Leaf Weevils (Phyllobius sp.}, 

 the Nut -leaf Weevil (Stropkosomus coryli}, Nut Sawfly (Croesus sep- 

 tentrionalis), Catkin Midge (Cecidomyia coryli), Nut Aphis (Siphonophora 

 avellance), Nut-bud Mite (Eriophyes avellance). [F. v. T.] 



THE WALNUT 



i. GENERAL 



Walnut. Apart from its value as a timber and ornamental tree, the 

 Walnut (Juglans regia) is also a valuable fruit tree. It is not, however, 

 grown as a crop in the same sense that other fruit trees are, but is usually 

 found dotted about here and there in open places in market gardens and 

 large pleasure grounds. In a wild state the Walnut is found from south 



