2I 4 



Commercial Gardening 



essential; otherwise the "landscape artist" will have to employ the services 

 of a professional surveyor whose knowledge of horticultural matters may 

 be nil. The landscape gardener has often to deal with the laying out of 

 large or small areas of land and water, and he may have to convert a level 

 meadow into an undulating garden with lakes and ponds arranged for 

 landscape effect. Work of this description entails a good deal of labour 

 and expense, and if a man has' no knowledge of surveying or mensuration 



10 



20 



80 



90 100_ 



100 



80 



Surveying chain showing brass markers in position 



SO 



Fig. 398. Details of Surveying Chain. A, Handle ; s, Swivel 



lie may very easily underestimate or overestimate the cost of transforming 

 a piece of land from one state into another. 



Land Measure. In measuring land a chain called " Gunter's chain " 

 (fig. 398) is used. It consists of 100 links, each of which is 7 '92 in. long. 



792 

 The whole chain is thus -y~- = 66 ft. long = 22 yd. = 4 lineal poles or 



rods. A rod, pole, or perch is 5| yd. = 16| ft. And 1 ac. = 4 roods = 

 160 sq. rods, poles, or perches = 4840 sq. yd. = 43,560 sq. ft. One square 



Fig. 399. Surveying Chains and Arrows 



mile = 5280 x 5280 sq. ft. = 640 ac. Again, 5280 ft. = 1760 yd. = 8 fur. 

 = 1 m. = 80 chains. And 1 ac. = 10 sq. chains = 100,000 sq. links. 

 One square pole or perch = 625 sq. links. Square links are easily reduced 

 to acres by dividing by 100,000, or, in other words, marking off five figures 

 from the right, and the result is the equivalent in acres and decimals of 

 an acre. Thus, if the area be 387,564 links, by dividing by 100,000 we 

 obtain 3'87564 ac. By multiplying the decimal figures by 4, and marking 

 off, the roods will be found; and by multiplying the decimal figures in the 

 roods by 40, the number of perches, poles, or rods will be found, and so 

 on with the yards and feet. Thus 387,564 sq. links = 3 ac., 3 roods, 

 20 sq. poles, 30 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. 



