22 Commercial Gardening 



in the milder parts of the kingdom, especially near seaside places. They 

 flourish in ordinary good soil, and are raised from cuttings in cold frames 

 or in the open in sheltered spots. The best kinds include macrantha, red 

 to crimson; Philippiana, white; and rubra, with red and white flowers. 

 E. exoniensis is a hybrid between rubra and Philippiana, with white 

 flowers, and Langleyensis is a hybrid between macrantha and Philip- 

 piana. 



Euonymus. A genus of evergreen and deciduous shrubs, many of 

 which are remarkable for the coloured tints of their foliage in autumn, 

 especially the common European " Spindle Tree " (E. europceus). This and 

 the North American americanus and atropurpureus are also bright in 

 autumn with their orange or scarlet capsules. For trade purposes, how- 

 ever, the Japanese E. japonicus is the most popular, and its varieties, of 

 which albo-marginatus, aureo-marginatus, latifolius albus, I. aureus are 

 among the best. The green-leaved form is not so valuable, but it sells 

 well for hedges, in various sizes, from a few inches up to 2 or 3 ft. It 

 is frequently attacked by the maggots of the Small Ermine Moth in 

 summer, when the soil is badly tilled. The green and golden varieties are 

 sold in thousands for window boxes, edges, borders, &c., and are raised 

 from cuttings in cold frames whenever obtainable. In some places they 

 require protection in winter when young. E. microphyllus is a pretty 

 kind with small glossy green leaves, and is well adapted for edging work. 

 E. radicans is a rambling or climbing species, useful for edges or for 

 training up walls, &c. There are several pretty forms of it, including 

 variegata, Silver Gem, foliis pictis, roseo-argenteis, tricolor, &c. 



Exo chorda grandiflora (PEARL BUSH). A pretty Chinese shrub, 6 ft. 

 high, with lance -shaped serrulate leaves and large white flowers. E. 

 Alberti, from Persia, attains a height of 12 ft. Warm sheltered positions 

 and loamy soil are necessary. Raised by seeds, layers, cuttings, and 

 suckers. 



Fagus sylvatica (BEECH). This well-known British tree is raised 

 in thousands annually from seeds, and is used for hedges and timber. 

 There are numerous varieties, including the purple -leaved ones, atro- 

 purpurea, purpurea, and Handsworthiana; the golden and silver varie- 

 gated forms, aureo- variegata and argenteo- variegata', cuprea, copper- 

 coloured foliage; heterophylla (incisa, asplenifolia), with deeply cut Fern- 

 like leaves; macrophylla, large leaved; and others. These special varieties 

 are grafted on stocks of the common Beech under glass or in the open. 



Forsythia. Splendid shrubs of irregular growth, from China and 

 Japan. F. suspensa (Fortunei) has long slender shoots wreathed with clear- 

 yellow flowers in February and March. F. viridissima is a more bushy 

 plant, 4-8 ft. high, with dark-green lance-shaped leaves and yellow flowers 

 in March. F. intermedia is a hybrid between the two. 



Fraxinus excelsior (Asn). Thousands of young plants are raised from 

 seeds every year, the Ash being a valuable timber tree as well as an orna- 

 mental one. There are several varieties, such as aurea, with yellowish 



