Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers 39 



natural species in which a trade is done. These include the Sweet Brier 

 (R. rubiginosa) and the many lovely varieties of "Penzance" Briers 

 that have been raised by crossing it with the garden varieties. The 

 Japanese Rose (R. rugosa), readily distinguished by its deeply veined 

 leaves, large single or semi-double white or deep magenta-coloured flowers, 

 exceedingly spiny stems, and large brilliant crimson "hips" or fruits in 

 winter. The Polyantha Rose (R. multiflora), from which the popular 

 Crimson Rambler has been derived, and R. Wichuraiana (fig. 435), both 

 natives of China and Japan, are the parents of two vigorous families of 

 climbing garden Roses that sell freely. The Common Dog Rose or Brier 

 (R. canina) is valuable not only as a hedge plant and for its lovely 

 flowers, but also as a valuable 

 stock for the choicer garden 

 Roses. R. indica is the China 

 Rose, from which numerous hy- 

 brids have been raised. The 

 Austrian Briers (R. lutea), with 

 yellow flowers; the Ayrshire 

 Roses (R. arvensis or repens)', R. 

 pomifera, with large deep-crim- 

 son fruits; R. sempervirens, the 

 Evergreen Rose; R. setigera,the 

 North American Prairie Rose; 

 and the Scotch Rose (R. pim- 

 pinellifolia or spinosissima) 

 are species in which a certain 

 amount of trade is done; but 

 there are many others, including 

 the almost thornless Banksian 

 Rose from China (R. Banksice). 



ROSES FOR PROFIT. The trade in plants and flowers to-day is enormous. 

 Hundreds of nurserymen in the British Islands, on the Continent, and in 

 America are busily engaged not only in propagating hundreds of thousands 

 of plants annually by budding and grafting and from cuttings, but also 

 in raising new varieties by cross fertilization and hybridizing. For many 

 years past the French growers had the monopoly, or at least the lead, 

 in the latter business; but English, Irish, and Scotch rose-growers have 

 risen to the occasion of late years, and have produced some charming 

 and commercially valuable varieties. The trade done by the nursery- 

 man and raiser is of course mainly for the more or less wealthy amateur, 

 for the small householder, and for the villa resident who dearly loves to 

 have a blossom, of his own growing, in his buttonhole when going to 

 business in the morning. Hundreds of men are engaged in the industry, 

 especially during the budding season, when thousands of dwarfs, standards, 

 and half -standards and weeping Roses must be "worked" in the space 

 of a few weeks. This work has given rise to the other industry of pro- 



Fig. 435. Rosa Wichuraiana. 



