AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



187 



BIARTJM (an ancient name of a plant). OBD. Aroidece. 

 A genus of small, hardy, tuberous-rooted perennials, much 

 more curious than pretty, allied to Sauromatum. This 

 genus, according to Dr. Masters, differs from Arum in its 

 spathe being tubular at the base, with the limb spreading. 

 The female flowers have a distinct style, and the fruit con- 

 tains only one ovule. They will thrive in any light, rich, 

 well-drained soil, and may otherwise be treated similar to 

 the hardy Arums. There are several other species besides 

 those named, but they are not yet in general cultivation. 

 B. constrictnm (constricted). A synonym of B. tenuifolium. 

 B. gramineum (grassy). A synonym of B. tenui/olivm, 

 B. tenuifolium (slender-leaved).* Jt, spathe dark brown-purple, 

 reflexed in the upper part ; spadix very long, subulifonn. June. 

 I. linear-lanceolate. A. 6in. South Europe, 1570. SY.NS. B. gra- 

 mineum and B. constrictum. (B. R. 512, under name of Arum 

 tenuifolium.) 



BIAURICULATE. Having two auricles. 



BIBRACTEATE. Furnished with two bracts. 



BIBRACTEOLATE. Furnished with two secondary 

 bracts. 



BICARINATE. Two-keeled. 



BICOLOR. Two-coloured. 



BICONJTTGATE. Having two secondary petioles, 

 each with a pair of leaflets. 



BICORNTJTE. With two horn-like processes. 



BIDENS (from bis, twice, and dens a tooth; in 

 reference to the seed). Bur Marigold. OBD. Composites. 

 A rather large genus of mostly hardy a"""al and perennial 

 herbs, distinguished by the pericarp having from two to 

 four rigid awns, which are rough with minute deflexed 

 points. Involucre erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, 

 parallel scales. Most of the species of this genus are of 

 no merit as garden plants. Two are natives of Britain, 

 viz., B. cernua and B. tripartita. They thrive in any 

 ordinary garden soiL Propagated by divisions of the 

 plant ; or by seeds. 



B. atro-sanguinea (dark-bloody). IL-heads black-crimson, very 



freely produced. Late summer ana autumn. Leaves pinnate. 



Root tuberous. A. 3ft Mexico. (B. M. 5227.) 

 B. femlajfolia (Ferula-leaved). JL-heads yellow. Autumn. 



L bipinnatifid. A. 2ft Mexico, 1799. SYS. Coreopsis ferulasf olio. 



(B. M. 2059.) 

 B. procera (tall). Jl..htadt yellow, large. L finely divided, deep 



green. A handsome perennial. A. 6ft to 8ft Mexico, 1820. 



(B. R. 684.) 

 B. stria ta (striped). A.-headt rather large, in a panided leafy 



corvmb ; ray florets white ; disk yellow. L temately pinnated, 



glabrous, h. 2ft to 3ft Autumn. Mexico. (B. M. 3155.) 



BXDENTATE. With two teeth. 



BIEBERSTEINIA (named after Frederic MarschaU 

 Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist, author of " Flora Taurioo- 

 Caucasica," and other works). OBD. Rutaceae. A genus 

 of half-hardy herbaceous perennials. They thrive in a 

 compost of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings, 

 placed under a hand glass in early summer; or by seeds, 

 sown in a slight hotbed in March or April. 



B. odora (sweet). A. yellow ; racemes terminal, simple ; petals 

 entire. May. L impari -pinnate ; leaflets roundish, deeply toothed. 

 Plant beset with glandular hairs. A. 1ft Altaia, 1837. 



BIENNIAL. A term applied to plants occupying- two 

 years in the development from seed to the maturation of 

 seed : growing one year, flowering, fruiting, and dying the 

 next. Seeds of Hardy Biennials are, as a rule, sown from 

 June to August, to flower the succeeding season. Tender 

 varieties are sown in a frame or cool house, and kept there 

 all winter, being transferred from the frames or houses 

 to the open border, in June. Wallflowers, Foxgloves, 

 Canterbury Bells, and Sweet Williams, may be taken as 

 fair types of Biennials, although they often assume more 

 than a Biennial character on light sandy soils. 



BIFARIOUS. Two-ranked ; arranged in two opposite 

 rows. 



BIFID. Divided about half-way down into two parts; 

 two-cleft 



BIFOLIATE. Compound leaves with two leaflets. 

 BIFREN ARIA (from bis, twice, and frcenum, a strap ; 

 in reference to a double strap or band, by means of which 

 the pollen masses are connected with their gland). OBD. 

 Orchidecs. A genus of pretty stove Orchids, allied to 

 Mcunllaria, and distinguished from it by having two fraana 

 or caudicles to their pollen masses. For culture, *M 

 Maxillaria. 



B. aurantiaca (orange-coloured).* /. orange ; lateral lobes of lip 

 semi-cordate, middle one transverse, sub-undulated, callous at 

 the base ; raceme erect October. 1. oblong, plicate. Pseudo- 

 bulb roundish, compressed, two-leaved. A. 9in. Demerara, 

 1834. (B.R.1875.) 



B. aureo-folva (orange-tawny). JL orange, on long pedicels ; Up 

 unguiculate, three-lobed ; scape radical, many-flowered. October. 

 L oblong-lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb roundish-ovate, wrinkled, one- 

 leaved. A. 1ft Brazil, 1840. 



(Had wen's). fL each nearly 4in. across; petals 



and sepals iin. broad, yellow green, beautifully blotched or 

 mottled with a rich brown ; lip Urge, above Iin. broad, white, 

 with striped spots of rose. June. L Ions, iin. broad, k. lift. 

 Brazil, 185L STN. Scuticaria Uadvenii. (B. M. 4629.) 

 B. H. bella (charming).* A new variety with sepals and petals 

 whitish yellow outside, brilliant shining cinnamon inside, 

 with a few spots, bars, and blotches of whitish sulphur colour ; 

 lip wide, white, with one light brown spot behind, and a larger 

 one in front of the callus ; radiating light brown lines on lateral 

 lobes, and mauve ones on anterior lobe. 



B. H. pardalina (leopard-marked).* A very beautiful variety, 

 having sepals and petals with brown circles or polygonal figures 

 on a light yellow ground ; lip light ochre-coloured at its basilar 

 part, white in front, with radiating mauve-purple streaks. Thia 

 variety is extremely rare. 



B. vltellina (yolk-coloured).* JL yellowish purple ; lip cuneate. 

 three-lobed; lateral lobes acute, crenulated; racemes drooping. 

 July. i. lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb ovate, bluntly angular one- 

 leaved. A. 1ft Brazil, 1838. 

 BIFURCATE. Twice-forked. 



BIGELOVZA (named after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author 

 of "Flornla Bostoniensis," &c.). OBD. Composite. A 

 genus of hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs, or herbaceous plants, 

 as now understood, comprising several subjects formerly 

 referred to Chrysothamnus, Linosyris, Ac. Flower-heads 

 disposed in corymbs ; involucre imbricated, oblong, or 

 campanulate; receptacle flat. Leaves alternate, linear 

 or lanceolate. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil 

 Propagated by cuttings. 

 B. Howard!! (Howard's). JL-head* yellow ; involucre narrow.' A 



low shrub. S Y.N. Linotyrii Howardii. 

 B. nudata (naked). JLJuadt yellow. September. L scattered, 



oblanceolate or linear. A. 1ft to 2ft New Jersey. Perennial. 

 B. panlculata (panided). JL-headt yellow, barely iin. long, 

 loosely panided, five-flowered. California. Shrubby. 

 BIGEMINATE. Doubly paired. 

 BIGLANDULARIA. See Sinningia. 

 BIGNONIA (so named by Tournefort, in compliment 

 to the Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis IV.). OBD. 

 Bigntmiaeea. A large genus of usually scandent shrubs, 

 furnished with tendrils ; rarely erect trees or shrubs. 

 Flowers axillary and terminal, usually panided; corolla 

 with a short tube, a campanulate throat, and a five- 

 lobed, bilabiate limb. Leaves opposite, simple, conjugate, 

 ternate, digitate or pinnatifid. These handsome plants 

 are particularly suited for large houses, where, if well 

 grown, they give great satisfaction. The primary point 

 in their culture is to obtain free and, at the same time, 

 sturdy growth, giving due attention to training, pruning, 

 Ac., or the plants soon exceed all limits. Like all free- 

 growing plants, Bignonias thrive best planted out in the 

 borders of the stove or greenhouse, or out of doors, as the 

 case may be ; but the space allowed should be limited, in 

 order to restrict root production. They may either be 

 trained to cover the back wall, or be planted in a border 

 in front, and trained up the rafters, or on wires, arranged 

 where most desirable. In summer, allow all the strongest 

 shoots to grow, training them so as to have as much 

 sunlight as possible which is absolutely necessary to well 



