260 



THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 



CANDOLLEA (named after Augustus Pyramus De 

 Candolle, formerly Professor of Botany, at Geneva, and 

 author of numerous botanical works). OED. Dilleniacea. 

 A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, 

 natives of Australia. Flowers yellow, sub-solitary, at the 

 tips of the branches ; sepals five, oval, mucronate ; petals 

 obovate or obcordate. They thrive in a compost of equal 

 parts loam and peat, with which sufficient sand may be 

 mixed to render the whole porous. Cuttings will root, if 

 placed in a similar compost, under a hand glass ; seeds 

 are also sometimes obtainable. 



Canistrum continued. 



PIG. 357. FLOWERS AND BUDS OF CANDOLLEA 

 CUNEIFORMS. 



C. cnneiformls (wedge-shaped).* fl. yellow. July. I. smooth, 



obovately criheated. blunt at the top, entire. Branches cinerous. 



h. 7ft. 1824. See Fig. 357. (B. M. 2711.) 

 C. Huegelii (Huegel's). /. at tops of the branches, among the 



leaves, on short pedicels; sepals acuminate, hoary outside, 



longer than the petals. May. I. linear, quite entire, villous 



when young, h. 6ft. 1837. 

 C. tetrandra (four-stamened). fl. yellow, solitary; petals 



emarginate. June. I. oblong, cuneate, toothed, h. 7ft 1842. 



(B. R. 1843, 50.) 



CANDYTUFT. See Iberis. 



CANE-BRAKE. A common name for different species 

 of Arundinaria. 



CANELLA (a diminutive of canna, a reed ; in allusion 

 to the rolled bark, like cinnamon). OBD. Canellaceae. The 

 best-known species of this genus is a very ornamental and 

 economically valuable stove evergreen tree, which thrives 

 in a mixture of loam and sand. Well-ripened cuttings, 

 taken off at a joint, will root in sand, under a hand glass, 

 with bottom heat, in April or May; but care should be 

 taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves. Sweet 

 says that large old cuttings are best. 



C. alba (white).* fl. violet-colour, small, growing at the tops of 

 branches in cluster, but upon divided peduncles. I. alternate, 

 obovate, cuneated at the base, white, or glaucous beneath, some- 

 what coriaceous, sometimes full of pellucid dots. h. 15ft The 

 whole tree is very aromatic, and, when in blossom, perfumes the 

 neighbourhood. The flowers dried, and softened again in warm 

 water, have a fragrant odour, nearly approaching to that of Musk. 

 West Ind 



, 



The leaves have a strong smell of Laurel. 

 (T. L. S. i., 8.) 



dies, Ac., 1735. 



CANELLACE2B. A small order of tropical American 

 aromatic shrubs, allied to Bixineae, from which it differs 

 only in having the albumen firmer, and with a smaller 

 embryo. The genera are Canella and Cinnamodendron. 



CANESCENT. Hoary, approaching to white. 



CANICIDIA. A synonym of Rourea (which see). 



CANISTR.UM (from canistrum, a basket; in allusion 

 to the inflorescence resembling a basket of flowers). OED. 

 BromeliacecB. Stove epiphytes, with showy inflorescence. 

 and requiring similar culture to Billbergia (which see). 

 C. anrantiaonm (orange).* fl. orange-yellow, in a cup-shaped 



involucre of orange-red bracts ; scapes erect. June to September. 



1. ligulate-lorate denticulate, deflexed. Brazil, 1873. See Fig. 358. 



(B. II. 1873, 15.) 



FIG. 358. CANISTRUM AURANTIACUM. 



C. eburneum (ivory).* fl. white, green, disposed in a depressed 

 head, the white ovaries of which give an appearance as of eggs in a 

 basket. May. 1. tufted, mottled, the central ones cream-coloured, 

 surrounding the flower-heads. A. 2ft. SYXS. Gunnannia fragrant 

 and Nidularium Lindeni. Brazil, 1876. (B. H. 1879, 13, 14.) 

 C. rosenm (rose-coloured), fl,. white, green ; bracts rosy. 1879. 

 C. viride (green), fl. green. I. green, canaliculate, acuminate, 

 irregularly toothed. Brazil, 1875. SYN. Xidularium latifolium. 

 (B. H. 1874, 16.) 



CANKER. This is a disease presenting very serious 

 difficulties, principally in the cultivation of Apples and 

 Pears. Both the trees and fruits, especially of some 

 varieties, are, in many localities, so far injured as not to 

 be worth cultivating. What causes the disease is not at 

 all times known; indeed, it is, in most cases, but imper- 

 fectly understood. Were the causes better known, the 

 remedy might generally be much easier found. Some of 

 the primary causes are cold and undrained soil, severe 

 and careless pruning, extreme variations of temperature, 

 and excessive growth, made late in the season, when it 

 has not sufficient time to get well ripened. Trees that 

 are badly Cankered may often be improved by lifting, and 

 replanting in improved or better-drained soil. Immediately 

 the disease is detected in young trees, by the cracking of 

 the bark or the skin of the fruits, measures should be 

 taken to find the cause, if possible, and avert its progress. 

 Some Pear-trees, in various localities, will not produce 

 fruit without Canker in the open garden, but they will do 

 so when planted against a wall ; and as such may be the 

 very best varieties, trees should be placed in the latter 

 position. The removal of large branches, late in spring, 

 will sometimes produce Canker, at the point where mu- 

 tilation has taken place; and it may be caused by severe 

 late pruning, which induces the growth of soft shoots that 

 are almost certain to be injured by severe frosts. The dif- 

 ference in the seasons, as regards the amount of moisture, 

 is one that can scarcely be provided against. One spring 

 may be favourable to rapid growth, and the following may 

 be most unfavourable, thereby arresting the natural flow 

 of the sap until the latter part of the summer, when 

 excessive growth will probably take place. Such checks 

 invariably produce Canker. At times, the disease seems 

 caused by the punctures of insects, in an early stage, 

 on the stems or branches. In such instances, a thorough 



