274 



THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 



CARUM (from Karos, the Greek name used by Diosco- 

 rides). Caraway (originally found at Caria, in Asia Minor). 

 Including Ptychotis. OED. UmbellifercB. Glabrous herbs. 

 Flowers white. Leaves pinnate; segments or leaflets 

 multifid. Boots tuberous. Caraway is a naturalised 

 biennial, and will do well in most garden soils if tolerably 

 dry in winter. The seeds are best sown in autumn, or 

 in March, in drills 1ft. apart, and the plants, when strong 

 enough, thinned out to about Sin. in the rows. The 

 ground will require an occasional hoeing. Seeds will 

 be produced in the following summer, ripening about 

 August. These are much used, after being dried, in con- 

 fectionery, and sometimes for flavouring and perfumery. 

 For culture of 0. Petroselinum, see Parsley. 

 C. Carvl (Caraway), fl. white ; involucre and involucels wanting. 



May. L bipinnate ; leaflets decussate, multifid. Stems furrowed. 



h. IJft. Europe. (Sy. En. B. 582.) 



y, fl., involucre of few, 

 July. I. decompound, 



C. Petrosellnum (Petroselinum). Parsley, 

 partial one of many, leaflets. June and 



shining ; lower leaflets ovate-cuneate, trifid, toothed ; upper ones 



lanceolate, nearly entire. Europe (naturalised in Britain). SYN. 



Petroselinum sativum, 

 CARUMBIUM. A synonym of Sapium. 



CARYA (from karya, a Walnut-tree, from karyon, a 

 nut). Hickory. STN. Scorias. ORD. Juglandacece. Very 

 handsome hardy deciduous trees, far too rarely seen in 

 this country. This genus differs from Juglans in having 

 the male catkins clustered, with from three to ten stamens 

 in each flower, and the firm (at length) dry exocarp splitting 

 into four regular valves, and falling away from the smooth, 

 bony endocarp or shell. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, of 

 five to fifteen leaflets, serrate ; the lateral ones in opposite, 

 or nearly opposite, pairs, and all spreading in one plane. 

 Propagation is effected by nuts, planted where the trees 

 are intended to remain, as most of the species have very 

 long tap roots, which, with the exception of C. amara, are 

 nearly destitute of fibres. The species here described 

 are all North American. 



C. alba (white).* Shell-bark Hickory, fl., catkins glabrous. May. 

 fr. globular or depressed ; nut white, compressed, barely mucro- 

 nate, the shell thinnish. I, leaflets five, finely serrate, when 

 young minutely downy beneath ; the lower pair oblong-lanceolate, 

 the three upper obovate-lanceolate. h. 50ft. to 70ft. (W. D. B. 148.) 



C. amara (bitter).* Bitter Nut, or Swamp Hickory, fl., sets of 

 catkins in pairs. April, fr. globular, narrowly six-ridged ; nut 

 globular, snort-pointed. L, leaflets seven to eleven, lanceolate 

 or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent when young, afterwards almost 

 glabrous, h. 50ft. to 60ft. 1800. (T. S. M. 226.) 



C. ollvfflfonnls (Olive-formed). Pecan Nut. fr., nut olive- 

 shaped. I., leaflets thirteen to fifteen, oblong-lanceolate, tapering 

 gradually to a slender point, falcate, serrate, h. 30ft. 1766. 



C. porcina (pig). Pig Nut, or Broom Hickory, fr., nut oblong 

 or oval, with a thick bony shell. I., leaflets five to seven, oblong 

 or obovate-lanceolate, and taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous or 

 nearly so. h. 70ft. to 80ft. (T. S. M. 224.) 



C. tomcntosa (tomentose).* Mocker Nut ; White-heart Hickory. 

 fl., catkins short, and lower surface of leaves tomentose when 

 young, resinous-scented. May. fr. on some trees globular or 

 ovoid, with a thick and hard busk ; nut globular, not compressed, 

 four-ridged towards the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very 

 thick shelled. I. , leaflets seven to nine, obovate-lanceolate, or lower 

 oblong-lanceolate, pointed, h. 60ft. to 70ft. 1766. (T. S. M. 222.) 



C. t. maxima (largest), fr. globose, nearly twice the size of that 

 of the type ; " as large as an apple ;" husk exceedingly thick. 



CARYOCAR (from karyon, a nut; the large fruits 

 contain edible nuts). Butter Nut. STN. Rhizobolus. OED. 

 Ternstr&miacece. Large stove trees, of easy cultivation in 

 loamy soil. Ripened cuttings will root in sand, under a 

 hand glass, in heat. There are about eight species, all 

 tropical American ; the only one calling for mention here 

 is C. nuciferum. 



C. nuciferum (nut-bearing). Souari or Butter Nut. fl. racemose ; 

 calyx and corolla purple ; stamens white, numerous ; anthers 

 yellow. Drupe Sin. to 6in. in diameter, four-celled, each cell 

 containing one nut, embedded in white pulp ; shell very hard, 

 tubercled; kernel or seed edible, covered by a red-brown mem- 

 brane, internally pure white, soft, fleshy, and rather oily, of a 

 very agreeable flavour. 1. trifoliolate ; leaflets elliptical-lanceo- 

 late, obscurely serrated, smooth, h. 100ft. 1825. (B. M. 2727.) 



CARYOPHYLLE-SI. An extensive order of herba, 

 with stems swollen at the joints. Flowers terminal, solitary, 

 or disposed in racemes, panicles, or corymbs. Leaves entire, 

 opposite. Well-known genera are : Arenaria, Oerastium, 

 Dianthus, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene. 



CARYOPHYLLUS (from karuophyllon, Clove-tree; 

 literally nut leaf, from karuon, a nut, and phyllon, a leaf). 

 Clove-tree. The Arabs, who have been acquainted from all 

 antiquity with the Clove, called it Qarumfel, which the 

 Greeks altered to Caryophyllon. OED. Myrtacece. A 

 stove evergreen tree, now generally referred to genus 

 Eugenia. Cymes terminal, or sub-corymbose, in the forks 

 of the branches. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, dotted. It 

 grows best in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of firm 

 shoots, with the leaves left on, will root if planted in a 

 pot of sand, with a hand glass over them, and placed in a 

 moist heat. It is difficult to preserve this tree through 

 the winter. 



C. aromatlcus (fragrant).* fl., petals pale purple ; calyx dark 

 purple; cymes many-flowered. I. ovate-oblong, acuminated at 

 both ends. h. 20ft. to 40ft. Moluccas, 1796. The flowers of this 

 tree are the cloves of commerce. 



CARYOFTERIS (from karuon, a nut, and pteron, a 

 wing; fruit winged). OED. Verbenacece. Ornamental, 

 hardy, herbaceous or sub-shrubby perennials, with a bushy 

 habit. They thrive in ordinary garden soil. Propagated 

 by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings. 



C. Mastacanthus (moustache).* fl. rich violet; peduncles 

 axillary, fastigiate. Autumn. I. ovate-oblong, petiolate, obtuse, 

 coarsely serrated, downy, h. 2ft. China, 1844. A handsome 

 greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous plant, growing freely in any 

 garden soil. It requires plenty of water during the summer 

 months. SYN. Mastacanthus sinensis. (B. R. 1846, 2.) 



C. mongolica (Mongolian), fl. violet-blue, numerous, in small 

 long-stalked axillary corymbs, forming loose spikes nearly 2ft. 

 long. 1. opposite, lanceolate-elliptic, greyish-green, hoary be- 

 neath, h. 3ft. Chinese Mongolia, 1869. (E. H. 1872, 451.) 



CARYOTA (old Greek name karuotis, used by Dio- 

 soorides ; the Greeks first applied this name to their cul- 

 tivated Date). OKD. Palmce. A genus of about a dozen 

 species of very noble stove Palms, with bipinnate leaves, 

 the ultimate divisions of which have the shape of the fins 

 and tail of a fish features which distinguish the present 

 from all other genera of the order. They attain their full 

 size before commencing to flower ; the spadices, which are 

 developed first at the top, and last at the very foot of 

 the trunk, are large, and their spikes hang down in 

 bundles. When the flowers have been produced from the 

 trunk, nearly at ground level, the plant dies, unless it has 

 previously developed suckers. Two species, sobolifera and 

 urens, are frequently employed in sub-tropical gardening. 

 from June till September, and their unique appearance 

 renders them well suited for the purpose. When in a young 

 stage, Caryotas form excellent ornaments for dinner tables, 

 &c. They require a compost of loam and vegetable mould 

 in equal parts, with the addition of a little sand ; thorough 

 drainage, and a liberal supply of water during the grow- 

 ing season, are essentials to success. Propagated easily by 

 seeds, or by suckers; the first named are frequently pro- 

 duced in this country. 



C. Cumingll (Cuming's).* I. large, dark green, spreading, bi- 

 pinnate, 4ft. to 6ft. in length, and 3ft. in width ; pinnules 8in. to 

 lOin. long, sub-falcate, obliquely wedge-shaped below, and erosely 

 toothed upwards. The spadices hang in drooping tassel-like tufts 

 from the axils of the leaves, and the flowers are succeeded by 

 bright red berries, which lend an additional charm to this beauti- 

 ful stove plant. Trunk or stern slender, about 10ft. high. 

 Philippine Islands, 1841. (B. M. 5762.) 



C. maxima (largest). I. bipinnate ; pinnae coriaceous, rigid, elon- 

 gated, dimidio-lanceolate, acuminate. Stein tall. Java, 1849. 

 C. mills (mild). 1. reclining ; pinnae cuneiform, oblique, prae- 

 ',20ft. China, 1820 



C. propinqua (neighbouring). I. bipinnate ; pinnae coriaceous, 

 sessile, dimidiate-rhomboid, obtuse or acuminate, praemorse. 

 Stem tall. Java, 1850. 



C. purpuracea (purple). I. bipinnate; pinnae unequal, both 

 in size and shape ; petioles clothed with rusty tomentum. 

 h. 30ft Java. 1848 This species resembles C. urens, but is 



