AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



307 



CHAMPIGNON (Marasmius oreades). This has long 

 been known as an esculent mushroom, and it is greatly 

 esteemed throughout France. It is sometimes described 

 in books as the Fairy-ring Mushroom, but several others 

 have an equal claim to that title. It may be readily 

 distinguished from the closely allied poisonous species, 

 if. urens, with which it sometimes grows, in having the 

 stem quite bare, and in its less crowded gills. See Fig. 418. 



CHANDELIER-TREE. See Fandanns can- 

 delabmm. 



CHANNELLED. Hollowed out, like a gutter. 



CHANTARELLE (Cantharellus cibarius). This is 

 one of the most distinct, best-known, and most generally 

 appreciated of fungi. It is almost always a woodland 

 species, growing either singly or in patches, and appear- 

 ing from the latter end of August until the end of 

 October or the beginning of November. The stem, which 

 is short and thick, expands gradually into the pileus, 

 which is smooth and funnel-shaped. The gills are thick 

 and branched, and, owing to the shape of the pileus, seem 

 to extend for some distance down the stem, having rather 

 the appearance of folds (see Fig. 419). The Chantarelle is 

 throughout of a deep rich yellow colour, and possesses a 



FIG. 419. THE CHANTA 



(CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS). 



peculiar but pleasant smell. This species seems most 

 abundant in the southern parts of the country, being 

 found in large quantities in various parts of Kent, Surrey, 

 Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Essex, and the neighbouring 

 counties. In France, the Chantarelle enjoys a general ) 

 and well-deserved popularity. It is employed in fricassees, | 

 or cooked with butter, lard, and oil ; vinegar, salt and j 

 onions being added at discretion. It is sometimes pre- 

 served in vinegar, with pepper, salt, and garlic ; or simply ! 

 dried, in which case it is employed as a seasoning for 

 ragouts. 



CHAPTALIA (named after M. Chaptal, a celebrated j 

 French chemist, 1756-1831). ORD. Composites. A genus j 

 comprising about eighteen species, confined to the New ' 

 World; perhaps the only one in cultivation being that i 

 mentioned below. It is an ornamental hardy herbaceous | 



Cliaptalia continued. 



perennial, easily grown in a light sandy soil. Propagated 



by divisions of the roots, in early spring. 



C. tomentosa (tomentose).* ft.-heads white; pappus capillary; 

 receptacle naked ; ray-florets in a double row, deformed scape 

 naked, one-headed; head nodding. May. I. ovate-oblong^ 

 entire, silvery beneath. A. 6m. North America, 1806. (B. M. 



CHARCOAL is the main solidifying element of organic 

 nature, and is present in large quantities in all organised 

 structures. It is a pure form of Carbon. The powers of 

 Charcoal in absorbing effluvia and the greater number of 

 gases and vapours is well known, and as a filter Charcoal 

 Powder has long been used to deprive water of its numerous 

 organic impurities. As a manure, Charcoal is of especial 

 value. It may be mixed, either crushed or in lumps, with 

 the soil of pot plants, in the proportion of one part Charcoal 

 to sixteen parts of earth. Besides rendering the soil 

 porous and facilitating drainage, Charcoal is one of the 

 most indestructible substances known, and has the pro- 

 perty of absorbing carbonic acid and other gases, yielding 

 these up to plants as required for nourishment. It may 

 be applied to the most delicate subject without danger. 

 Pieces, the size of walnuts, should be put in Hyacinth 

 glasses, in order to keep the water pure during the growth 

 of the Hyacinth. It is often thought necessary 

 to add some to water in which grapes are placed 

 when cut, but water will keep good without it 

 v so long as the Vine shoot is inserted. The roots 



| of Orchids cling to Charcoal in many cases much 



better than to anything else. 



CHARIEIS (from charieis, elegant; allud 

 ing to the beauty of the flowers). ORD. Com- 

 positce. An ornamental hardy annual, with a 

 very compact habit of growth, and free-flower- 

 ing qualities. Involucre simple ; leaflets keeled ; 

 receptacle naked, convex. Seeds may be sown 

 out of doors in ordinary soil, about the middle of 

 April ; or, if an early display is desired, they 

 may be sown on a hotbed in March, and trans- 

 planted out when large enough to handle. 

 C. heterophylla (various-leaved). j\.-head, ray- 

 florets blue, disk blue or yellow ; peduncle long, one- 

 headed, glandular. June. L, lower ones opposite ; 

 upper alternate, oblong-lanceolate. A. 1ft. South 

 Africa, 1819. SYN. Kaulfussia ainelMdes. (B. R. 490.) 

 CHARLOCK. See Sinapis arvensis. 

 CHASCANUM (from chaino, or chatlcaino, 

 to gape ; in allusion to the form of the calyx) . 

 ORD. Verbenacece. All the plants formerly re- 

 ferred here are now included under genus 

 Bouchea (which see). 

 CHAVICA. See Piper. 

 CHEESE RENNET. See Galuun vernm. 

 CHEILANTHES (from cheilos, a lip, and 

 anthos, a flower ; in reference to the form of the 

 indusium). ORD. Filices. The following names, 

 formerly looked upon as representing distinct 

 genera, are now merely regarded as sectional ones of the 

 genus Cheilanthea Adiantopsis, Aleuritopteris, and Phy- 

 sapteris. A large genus of hardy, greenhouse, and stove 

 Ferns. Sori terminal, or nearly so, on the veins, at first 

 small, sub-globose, afterwards more or less confluent. In- 

 volucre formed from changed reflexed margin, roundish 

 and distinct, or more or less confluent, but not quite 

 continuous. For general culture, see Ferns. 

 sti. densely 



C. argentea (silvery).* sti. densely tufted, 3m. to e 

 frond* Sin. to 4in. long, 2in. broad, deltoid, bi- or tripinnatitid ; 

 'lower pinna; much the largest, cut down nearly to the rachis ; 

 lowest pinnules sometimes Jin. long; lower surface thickly 

 covered with white ceraceous powder, sori numerous, very 

 small, marginal. Siberia to India, &c. Greenhouse species. 



C. Bradburli (Bradbury's). A synonym of C. tomentosa. 



C capensls (Cape).* sti. tufted, erect, 4in. to 6Jn. long, frondt 

 4in. tooin. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, bipinnatifld ; lower pinnre 

 much the largest; pinnules on the lower side larger than the 



