AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



35 



Fuchsia continued. 

 reflexed, corolla very full, violet (see Fig. 57) ; KING OP THE 

 DOUBLES, scarlet, corolla purple, striped ; KINGSBURYANA, scarlet, 



corolla pure white, and remarkable for its size and shape ; LE 

 CYGNE, tube and sepals crimson, corolla white, dwarf ; LIT 

 ALICE, scarlet, corolla 



als crimson, corolla white, dwarf ; LITTLE 

 la pure white, good ; MARKSMAN, sepals car- 

 mine, corolla violet, habit good ; MARVELLOUS, tube and sepals 

 rose, corolla blue, full ; MILNE EDWARDS, coral-red, corolla bluish- 

 violet ; MINSTREL, rosy-crimson, corolla ivory-white, striped, full ; 

 Miss LUCY FINNIS, tube and sepals coral-red, corolla pure white, 

 large and very full (see Fig. 58) ; Miss L. VIDLER, sepals crimson, 

 corolla violet, good ; MRS. H. CANNELL, sepals bright crimson, 

 broad, corolla pure white, extra fine ; NELLY MORTON, scarlet, 

 corolla white ; PIERRE JOIGNEAUX, sepals light red, corolla deep 

 carmine, peculiarly formed. 



FUEL AND FURNACES. The necessary annual 

 supply of Fuel for heating purposes forms a considerable 

 and very important item in garden expenditure. The bulk 

 of that used in old-fashioned flues was coal, either as 

 supplied from the pit or mixed with cinders. Since the in- 

 troduction and general adoption of heating by hot water, 

 coke has become a substitute in most cases where it can 

 be obtained. The use of coal in large boilers would soon 

 choke the flues with soot, and this is one important objec- 

 tion. Various gases are removed with the smoke in the 

 manufacture of coal gas for burning, and the coke which 

 remains contains about two-thirds of carbon, and forms 

 the strongest heating combustible material available in 

 quantity for horticultural purposes. The large pieces and 

 those of medium size are of the best quality ; the small, 

 generally termed " breeze," being much inferior, and sold 

 at a lower price. Combustion is first caused by heat, and 

 it increases as the heat becomes more intense. A certain 

 quantity of Fuel consumed inside a Furnace, transmits the 

 heat evolved by combustion to the boiler, &c., surrounding 

 it, or, if allowed, a great part passes to the chimney, where 

 it is completely wasted. A draught, caused by the opening 

 of the damper and ash-pit door at the same time, is a 

 means whereby much oxygen is admitted to the fire, and 

 a passage opened for the escape of the ascending heat. 

 This is one of the principal things to avoid by using the 

 damper, so that the greatest possible amount of heat may 

 be utilised, with, at the same time, an economical use of 

 Fuel in proportion. 



FUGACIOUS. Lasting but a short time. 



FUGOSIA (named in honour of Bernard Cienfugos, a 

 Spanish botanist of the sixteenth century). SYNS. Cien- 

 fuegia, Cienfugosia, and Redoutea. OKD. Malvaceae. A 

 genus comprising about a score species of greenhouse ever- 

 green shrubs or sub-shrubs, natives of tropical America, 

 Africa, and Australia. Flowers often yellow, surrounded by 

 an outer calyx or involucel of six or more leaves, within 

 which is a five-cleft calyx dotted over with black spots, 

 and five oblique petals. Leaves entire or lobed, rarely 

 partite. Fngosias succeed in a peat and loam soil, to 

 which a little silver sand may be added. Propagated by 

 cuttings, made in April or May, and inserted under a 

 bell glass, in mild bottom heat. The species here de- 

 scribed are those usually seen in cultivation. 



F. cuneiformis (wedge-shape-leaved). /. red ; petals about lin. 

 long, slightly tomentose ; involucre very small, minutely five or 

 six-toothed, placed a little below the calyx ; peduncles short 

 and thick. June to August. I. cuneate-oblong or broadly linear- 

 obtuse, lin. to 2in. long, entire, thick and somewhat fleshy. 

 h. 15ft. West Australia. Shrubby and glabrous. SYNS. Hilriscus 

 cuneiformis and Lagunaria cuneiformis. 



F. hakeaefolia (Hakea-leavecl). fl. purple-lilac, large, on axillary 

 peduncles, articulate, and often bearing a small bract about the 



middle ; petals 



to 2in. long. August. I. from deeply bi 

 only, or the upper ones entire, often several 



pinnatifid to tri 



inches long, the whole leaf or lobes narrow-linear, somewhat 

 fleshy, grooved above or almost terete, h. 8ft. to 10ft. South 

 Australia, 1846. An erect shnib. (B. M. 4261.) SYNS. HHrisai* 

 ultifidus (P. F. G. vii. 103). 



F. heterophylla (various-leaved), fl. yellow, with purple claws. 

 June. I. ciliated, elliptical, entire, rarely trifld. h. 3ft, South 

 America, 1822. SYN. Redoutea heterophylla. (B. M. 4218.) 



FULIGINOUS. Dirty brown, verging upon black. 

 FULLER'S TEAZEL. See Dipsacua Fulloiinm. 



FULVOUS. Dull yellow, with a mixture of grey 

 and brown. 



FUMANA. This genus is now included, by most 

 authorities, under Helianthemum (which see). It forms 

 a distinct section of that genus, and is characterised by its 

 yellow flowers, narrow linear leaves, and erect habit. 



FUM ARIA (Spanish fumaria, from fumus, smoke ; in 

 allusion to the disagreeable smell of the plant, or to its 

 poetical name, Smoke of the Earth). Fumitory. Includ- 

 ing Discocapnos and Platycapnos. OBD. Fumariaceae. A 

 genus of perhaps a score species of annual (rarely peren- 

 nial) herbs, usually branched, often climbing. Flowers 

 small, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes ; petals four, 

 erect, conniving, the posterior gibbous or spurred at the 

 base, the anterior flat, two inner narrow, cohering by their 

 tips, winged or keeled at the back. Leaves much divided ; 

 segments very narrow. No less than four species of this 

 genus are found in Britain, but that described below is 

 the only one worth growing. They are all of the easiest 

 possible cultivation. Seeds may be sown in any ordinary 

 soil, in spring. 

 F. capreolata (tendrilled).* fl. whitish, tinged with dark purple ; 



spur compressed, blunt, short, mitre-formed ; racemes oblong. 



May to September. I. bipinnate ; petioles somewhat tendrilled. 



h. 4ft. Europe (Britain), Asia. 

 F. formosa (beautiful). A synonym of Dicentra formosa. 



FUMARIACE2E. An order of herbs, now included, 

 by Bentham and Hooker, as a tribe of Papaveracece. 

 Flowers irregular ; sepals two, deciduous ; petals four, 

 in two usually very dissimilar pairs, cruciate, irregular, 

 one or both of the outer pairs often saccate or spurred, 

 and the two inner frequently cohering at the apex so as to 

 include the anthers and stigma. Leaves alternate, usually 

 divided, exstipulate. Stems brittle. The species possess 

 slight bitterness and acridity, and are natives of the 

 temperate and warm regions of the Northern hemisphere 

 and of Southern Africa. Five of the seven genera are: 

 Adlumia, Corydalis, Dicentra, Fumaria, and Hypecoum. 

 There are about 100 species. 



FUMIGATING. The process of destroying insects, 

 principally Thrips and various Aphides, by means of 

 tobacco smoke. Tobacco itself is seldom used for the 

 operation, being too expensive. The various preparations 

 supplied by nurserymen, or other firms of repute, as 

 Fumigating mixtures, answer the same purpose most, 

 effectually. They are manufactured by coaking brown 

 paper, pieces of rag, &c., in a strong solution of tobacco 

 juice, and afterwards drying them for use. Only that 

 which is known to be of good quality should be used, 

 as valuable plants may be either injured or destroyed 

 by the effects of smoke from material prepared from a 

 solution containing injurious ingredients. A dull, still 

 evening is best for Fumigating in any house or frame, 

 as the smoke does not then escape so quickly. The 

 leaves of the plants should, if possible, be dry at the 

 time. The amount of smoke that may be allowed with 

 safety, must depend on the hardiness of the subjects to 

 withstand it. As a rule, it is always safer to moderately 

 fill the structure on one evening, and again on the follow- 

 ing morning, or on two successive evenings, than to run 

 the risk of applying too much at once, with the inten- 

 tion of not repeating the operation. Fumigating may be 

 practised with advantage, more as a preventative to the 

 increase of insects, especially in spring. Care should be 

 taken never to allow sunshine on a house with smoke 

 inside, or tender plants are certain to be scorched. If 

 still, rainy weather be selected, this is always avoided. 



Fumigators are manufactured of various descriptions, 

 but are not much used in large establishments, an open 

 iron vessel, having a cross handle and a grating at the 

 bottom, or some other means of a similar kind, being 

 employed with equally good results. Most of the pre- 

 parations of tobacco paper now sold burn without the use 

 of bellows; consequently, the operator neod not remain 



