188 



THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 



Insects continued. 



FIG. 307. LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 



the hinder rings of the body. This order includes the 

 Butterflies and Moths. They are not injurious in their 



FIG. 308. FEMALE GIPSY MOTH. 



lature condition; but all the larvae feed on plants, and 

 lany of them are very hurtful in gardens. See also 



FIG. 309. CATERPILLAR OF LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 



Hybcrnia, Tortrix, Turnip Moth, Winter Moth, 



and others referred to above. 



Insects continued. 



very small stalked knobs (halteres or poisers). The 

 mouth varies, being in some suited for sucking, in others 

 for biting ; in many, the jaws are fitted to pierce the 

 skin of animals, and thereafter to form suckers for draw- 

 ing out the blood. The metamorphosis is complete. The 



FIG. 311. ONION FLY, LARVA, AND CHRYSALIS, magnified. 

 (The lines alongside indicate the natural sizes.) 



larvae are maggots or footless grubs (see Fig. 311). They 

 vary exceedingly in mode of life, many of them living 

 in the interior of roots, stems, or leaves of plants ; others 

 form galls on plants ; others feed on decaying matters ; 

 while yet others live as parasites in the bodies of animals, 

 especially in Insects. Others (Syrpliidce), as larvae, feed 

 on the Aphides, and aid in reducing their numbers. The 



FIG. 312. CRANE FLY. 



larvae of the Crane Flies (see Fig. 312) are but too well 

 known to farmers under the names of Grubs and Leather 

 Jackets. The Gnats live in water during their larval con- 

 dition ; the pupae are very generally oval brown bodies. 

 The Diptera are seldom of large size. See also Crane 

 Fly, Onion Fly, and Syrphus. 



FIG. 310. CODLIN MOTH AND GRUR 



Diptera, or Two-winged Flies, have only one pair of 

 wings, which are membranous and naked, with compara- 

 tively few nervures. The hind wings are replaced by 



o | b ^ 



Fio. 313. BEAN APHIS. 

 a, Female (magnified) ; b, Male (natural size and magnified). 



Hemiptera have the month in the form of a beak, 

 turned down so as to lie against the breast when not in 

 use, but capable of being driven into their food when 

 desired. This beak usually consists of a sheath, in which 

 lie four bristle-like pieces, the whole serving for a sucker 

 to draw in the juices on which they feed. The meta- 

 morphosis is incomplete, except in the male Scale insects. 

 The wings are different in the two great sub-orders, and 

 a great many of the Insects have no trace of wings. 

 The sub-orders are : 



Ileteroptera, or Plant Bugs. The hind wings of these are 



