AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



211 



Jnglans continued. 



peduncle. I, leaflets five to nine, oval, glabrous, obscurely ser- 

 rated, h. 40ft. to 60ft. Persia, 1562. A well-known and desirable 

 fruit. See Fig. 348. It has several varieties, for enumeration of 

 which, and for culture, see Walnut. 



J. r. Bartheriana (Barther's). A synonym of J. r. elongata. 



J. r. elongata (elongated). This variety only differs in its very 

 much elongated fruits. A nut (natural size) is represented at 

 Fig. 349. SYN. J. r. Bartheriana. 



J. r. longirostris (long-beaked). This is an extraordinary semi- 

 nal variety of the common Walnut, distinguished by its long- 

 beaked fruits. See Fig. 350. 



JUJUBE. See Zizyphus Jujuba. 



JULIANA. A synonym of Choisya (which see). 



JULUS. See Millipedes. 



JUNCE2E. A natural order, containing about 130 

 species of perennial, rarely annual, herbs, principally 

 natives of temperate and Arctic regions. Flowers green 

 or brown, in axillary or terminal cymes, regular, herma- 

 phrodite or dioecious, bracteolate ; perianth inferior, 

 Kcarions or coriaceous, the six segments in two series, 

 the inner series sometimes petaloid, sometimes both 

 series large and coloured ; stamens six, rarely three only. 

 Leaves slender, flat or terete, or reduced to sheathing 

 scales. Stems erect, usually simple, sometimes septate 

 within ; pith often thick, continuous or interrupted. 

 There are fourteen genera ; Juncus and Luzula represent 

 the order in the British Flora. The more important 

 of the exotic genera are : Calectasia, Kingia, Xanthorrhcea, 

 and Xerotes. 



JUNCUS (from jungo, to join ; the leaves and stems of 

 this genus having been employed as cordage). Ensh. 

 OBD. Juncece. A genus of about a hundred species of 

 hardy, annual or perennial herbs, usually with a rigid 

 habit, principally natives of Arctic and temperate regions. 

 Flowers greenish or brownish, small, disposed in heads 

 or panicles. Very few species of this genus are worth 

 cultivating. The perennials thrive in almost any boggy 

 situation, and may easily be increased by divisions of 

 the root. 



J. effusus spiralis (wide-spread spiral). A curious and desir- 

 able variety, forming spreading tufts of stems, which, instead of 

 growing straight, like those of other kinds, are curiously twisted 

 in a regular corkscrew form. From its very unusual appearance, 

 it is well worthy of cultivation, and may be planted with advan- 

 tage on the margins of pieces of water, near cascades, &c., or in 

 an artificial bog. 



J. laetevirens (bright-green).* I. bright green, in crowded tufts, 

 somewhat distichously sheathing at the base, and distinctly com- 

 pressed at the sides, h. 3ft. Japan, 1880. A free-growing and 

 exceedingly ornamental hardy plant. This is probably not a 

 Juncus at all. 

 J. zcbrinus. See Scirpus Tabernsemontani zebrinus. 



JUNE BERRY. An American name for Amelan- 

 chier. 

 JUNIPER. See Junipems. 



JUNIPER MOTH (Thera juniperata). One of a 

 small genus of slender-bodied moths, of the group called 

 Geometers, because of the peculiar looping movements 

 of their caterpillars. All the species of Thera feed on 

 Conifers ; T. juniperata and T. coniferata on Juniper, 

 T. variata and T. firmata on Scotch Fir. The insects 

 are common in many parts of Britain, where their food- 

 plants occur; but they seldom cause serious damage to 

 either Junipers or Firs. The moths are all between 

 fin. and l|in. in spread of wings, and are very much 

 alike. In all, the wings are rather large in proportion 

 to the slender body, and are grey or greyish-brown, 

 with a broad darker band across the front wings. Both 

 the species that feed on Juniper are about lin., or a 

 little less, across the wings. In T. juniperata, the front 

 wings are pale grey, with a dark grey band, which is 

 bounded on each side by a very zigzag line, and there 

 a dark streak close to the tip of the wing. T. coni- 

 ferata has the front wings greyish-brown, with the lines 

 bounding the cross-band much less zigzag. The insects 



Juniper Moth continued. 



that live on the Fir are slightly larger. T. firmata has 

 the front wings pale grey, with an indistinct ochreous- 

 brown band ; and T. variata has them greyish-brown, 

 with the inner margin of the band not so straight as 

 in T. coniferata. The caterpillars of all four species 

 are green, marked with lemon-yellow or white lines 

 (usually three) down the back and sides. The pupae 

 are usually green, and are inclosed in a silken cocoon, 

 either suspended among the twigs of the food-plant, or 

 among rubbish on the ground. T. juniperata flies in 

 October ; the other species appear from July to September. 

 Should it be desirable to reduce their numbers, this 

 may be done, in some degree, by shaking the branches, 

 and by the removal of dead twigs, as well as of all 

 rubbish from below the bushes. 



JUNIPERUS (the old Latin name used by Virgil and 

 Pliny). Juniper. OBD. Coniferce. A genus of about 

 twenty-seven species of hardy or nearly hardy evergreen 

 trees or shrubs, natives of the temperate or cold regions 

 of the Northern hemisphere. Flowers dioecious ; males 

 in solitary or crowded catkins. Cones small, globose, 

 baccate, of four to six decussate or whorled, confluent, 

 fleshy scales. Fruit berry-like, ripening the second year. 

 Leaves needle-shaped, linear or lanceolate, rigid or flexible, 

 or scale-like, scattered or imbricated, not clustered. J. 

 communis, the species most commonly grown, thrives 

 in almost any position. On the sides of hills, the trunk 

 grows long ; while on the tops of rocky mountains, or in 

 boggy land, the species becomes merely a tufted shrub. 

 All the members of this genus may be readily propagated 

 by seeds, which retain their vitality, when kept in the 

 berry, for several years. When sown, they lie one year, 

 and often two years, before they come up. Propagation 

 may also be effected by cuttings, planted in sandy soil, in a 

 shady situation, in the autumn, and covered with a hand 

 glass during winter; or by layers. 



J. bermudiana (Bermuda). Barbados or Bermuda Cedar. I. 

 dimorphous, acicular, and arranged in threes on the young 

 plants, but becoming scale-like and imbricated as the tree 

 becomes aged. h. 40ft. to 50ft. Bermudas, 1683. A somewhat 

 tender species, assuming a densely-branched pyramidal form in 

 its native country. This tree furnishes the wood used in the 



manufacture of " cedar " pencils 

 England. (G. C. n. s., xix. 657.) 



It is very rarely seen 



FIG. 351. FRUITING TWIG OF JUMPERUS CALIFORNICA; also 

 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF FRUIT, showing (a) Fleshy Portion, 

 (6) Seed, and (c) Embryo. 



J. californica (Californian). I. ternate, short and thick, mostly 

 acute, fr. reddish, dry and sweetish. Branches stout, spreading, 

 with thick branchlets. Shrub, or sometimes a tree from 20ft. to 

 35ft. See Fig. 351. 



