AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



233 



Landscape Gardening continued. 

 contrast, the preponderance of one sort of tree and the 

 absence of others, the proportion of deciduous and evergreen 

 subjects, any obstructions that may be seen to hide fine 

 specimen trees, avenues, or other permanent objects it 

 is desired should be fully exhibited, may each and all be 

 more readily seen when the leaves are fully expanded. 

 Any defects noticed in this way may be committed to 

 memory or paper, with a view to effecting a remedy, at 

 the proper season, by cutting away, or by replenishing 

 in places where deficiencies occur. Planting should 

 further be conducted so as to prove effective, more or 

 less, at all seasons ; the introduction of trees for 

 spring flowering receiving due attention, also others 

 for autumn foliage, and a distribution of conifers or 

 evergreen subjects, so as to avoid a patchy appearance 

 in winter, resulting from the arrangement of the 

 deciduous and evergreen kinds in too much of an alter- 

 nate order. Spring-flowering trees and shrubs present a 

 much finer appearance in Landscape when there is a good 

 background ; and, as few of them exceed a height of 

 20ft., such positions may generally be secured. The fol- 

 lowing, named in their usual order of flowering, are 

 amongst the most noteworthy and conspicuous : Almonds, 

 Prunus divaricata, P. Myrobalana, Amelanchiers, Pyrus 

 baccata, P. floribunda, P. spectabilis, Cerasus serrulata, 

 Magnolia conspicua, and its variety Soulangeana, Ber- 

 berries, Lilacs, Laburnums, Hawthorns, Ehododendrons, 

 and hardy Azaleas. Trees having divided leaves should 

 be placed in prominent positions, as they are specially 

 ornamental in summer; examples are Ailantus, Black 

 Walnut, and Robinia. Those with white, yellow, or 

 dark-coloured foliage are very telling from a distance, 

 when judiciously placed, notably White Poplar, Golden 

 Oak, and Purple Beech, amongst others. Of trees 

 specially noteworthy on account of the colours assumed 

 by their leaves in autumn, the scarlet Oak and 

 Liquidambar may be mentioned. These are very fine in 

 contrast with others having yellow or brown foliage, such 

 as the Elm, Beech, Plane, Lime, and Hornbeam. The 

 Lime and Horse Chestnut are, perhaps, two of the best 

 trees for isolated clumps,'their natural symmetrical habit 

 causing the lower branches eventually to touch the 

 ground, if protected from cattle, and left unprnned. 

 Planting for immediate effect can rarely be practised to 

 any great extent, on account of labour and expense; 

 consequently, the future appearance and results of Land- 

 scape Gardening depend on the judgment exercised in 

 the first instance, by disposing of the space and material 

 at command to the best advantage. In a comparatively 

 small space, the grouping of trees and shrubs, and the 

 provision of a piece of open lawn in front, is specially 

 recommended, so far as circumstances admit, in pre- 

 ference to a promiscuous arrangement of the former in 

 all directions, and the cutting-up of the grass in conse- 

 quence. 



An important feature in the production of Landscape 

 effect, wherever it can be obtained, is a broad stream or 

 lake of ornamental water. In many places, where there are 

 an extensive park and pleasure grounds, a running stream 

 is already present, or, by diverting its course, such a valu- 

 able addition to the surroundings may be obtained from a 

 neighbouring source. The course of the stream should be 

 rendered irregular in width and outline, so as to present 

 as natural an appearance as possible. An island, or a 

 piece of land projecting from the edge into the water, 

 judiciously planted with trees, near the points where the 

 stream appears and disappears, will greatly heighten the 

 effect produced. Water Lilies, and other aquatic plants, 

 may be introduced to the shallow parts near the margin ; 

 and Alders, Willows, and Birch are specially adapted for 

 planting on islands, or anywhere by the side of water. 



The foregoing must only be taken as general remarks 

 on gardening in connection with Landscape : peculiarities 



Vol. IL 



Landscape Gardening continued. 

 which abound in almost every case can only be dealt 

 with individually. See also Garden. 



LANIFILA. A synonym of Lasiospermum (which 

 see). 



LANKESTERIA (named after Dr. E. Lankester, a dis- 

 tinguished British botanist). OBD. Acanthacece. A small 

 genus (three species have been described) of tall stove ever- 

 green herbs. Flowers yellow or red, sessile in the axils of 

 the bracts, solitary or fasciculate, densely spicate ; bracts 

 ovate or lanceolate, often imbricate. Leaves entire. For 

 culture, see Eranthemum. 

 L. Barter! (Barter's). Jt. primrose, orange-eyed, salver-shaped, 



in terminal, simple or compound spikes. L ovate-oblong, 



acuminate. West Africa. Stove. (B. M. 5533.) 

 L. Mspida (hispid), fl. yellow; spikes short, axillary, and 



terminal ; calyx hairy. September to November. I. obovate, 



acuminated, undulated, hairy. Branches villous. h. 1ft. Sierra 



Leone. SYNS. L. longiflora, L, parmflora. (B. R. 1846, 12, under 



name of Eranthemum hispidum.) 



L. longiflora (long-flowered). A synonym of L. hispida. 

 L. parvlflora (small-flowered). A synonym of L. hispida. 



LANSBERGIA. A synonym of Trimezia (which 

 see). 



LANTANA (an old Italian name for the Wayfaring- 

 tree). OBD. Verbenacece. A rather large genus (about 

 fifty species have been enumerated) of stove evergreen 

 shrubs or herbs, for the most part natives of the warmer 

 regions of the New World, a few African and Asiatic. 

 Flowers red, golden, white, or various-coloured, in pe- 

 dunculate axillary heads ; corolla tube slender, with a 

 spreading five-lobed limb. Leaves opposite, dentate, often 

 rugose. The large number of hybrid forms (one is re- 



FIG. 374. HYBRID LANTANA, showing Inflorescence and detached 

 Flower. 



presented in Fig. 374) now in cultivation are extensively 

 employed for greenhouse decoration and for beddinff- 

 out purposes. They are of comparatively easy culture, 

 and produce an abundance of flowers for six or seven 

 months out of the year, many of which are very pretty, 

 but not by any means agreeably scented. Lantanas 

 thrive best in a compost of two parts of good loam, 

 and one part of leaf mould or decayed manure. 

 They require potting moderately firm. Propagated, 

 in August or September, by cuttings, which should 

 be placed in small pots, and wintered in an ordinary 

 greenhouse. In March, they should be shifted into 

 Sin. pots, and, when the side shoots are large enough, 

 stopped back, the points being struck in a gentle bottom 

 heat. If it is desired to have large plants, those stopped 

 back should be repotted into Gin. pots. Plenty of water 

 will be necessary while they are growing freely. Young 

 plants grow and flower well outside in summer; old 

 ones cut back and repotted, are best suited for culture 



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