108 



THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 



Ph.otin.ia continued. 



bright red. July. I. oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly serrated. 

 h. 10ft. to 20ft. California, 1796. Tree. SYN. Crataigus arbuti- 

 Sulia. (B. R. 491.) 



P. elliptlca (elliptic), fl. white ; thyrse compound, terminal, 

 clothed with fulvous tomentum. fr. yellow, downy. I. flat, 

 elliptic, toothed, tomentose beneath, h. 30ft. Nepaul, 1823. 

 Tree. 



P. japonlca (Japanese).* Japan Medlar; Japan Quince; 

 Loquat /. white, in pendulous racemes. Autumn. Jr. about 

 the size of a small apple, pale orange-red, downy, in large 

 bunches. 1. large, oblong, rugose, downy beneath, h. 10ft. 

 to 20ft. Japan, 1787. A handsome shrub or tree, producing 

 edible fruit when grown under cover. It is sufficiently hardy 

 to withstand the cold of an ordinary English winter, but an 

 unusually severe frost is fatal to it. From the late period of its 

 flowering, the fruits are scarcely ever produced here in the open 

 air, although, in the South of France, considerable quantities 

 are annually secured. This species, like its congeners, is pecu- 

 liarly well adapted for wall culture as an ornamental, flowering 

 shrub. See Figs. 125 and 126. (B. B. 365.) 



Phr agfmidium co ntinued. 



in the spore. The Fungus, as observed on the leaves, 

 is reproducing 1 the species, and the spots are masses of 

 spores formed at certain places ; but the more important 

 part is the mycelium, which grows among, and feeds on, 

 the tissues of the host-plant. The Brands of thia genus 

 are, as a rule, not very hurtful to cultivation, though 

 both the above, viz., Rose Brand (P. subcorticium, Schr., 

 or P. mucronatum, Fr., with six to eight-celled spores) 

 on Boses, and P. Rubi-Idaei on Raspberry, are common. 

 The only remedy is to remove and to destroy all the 

 diseased leaves, by burning or by digging into the soil. 



PHRATORA VITELLINJE (the Willow-leaf 

 Beetle). A small beetle, elliptical in form, but flattened, 

 about in. or |in. long by rein, broad, and deep blue or 

 metallic green in colour. The wing-cases are marked 



FIG. 126. PHOTINII JAPONICA, showing Inflorescence and Single Fruit. 



P. serrolata (toothed).* Chinese Hawthorn, fl. white, small, 

 in terminal, flat corymbs. April to July. I. large, Laurel-like, 

 coriaceous, oblong, acute, serrulated, h. 10ft. to 20ft. Japan and 

 China, 1804. A handsome shrub. SYN. Cratcegus glabra. (B. M. 

 2105 ; L. B. C. 248.) 



PHOTINOPTERIS. Included under Acrostichum. 



PHRAGMIDIUM (from the Greek phragmos, a 

 fence ; in allusion to the partitions between the numerous 

 cells in each spore). A small genus of Fungi, be- 

 longing to the group popularly known as Brands, or 

 in science as Uredinew. The species best known to 

 gardeners are those that cause the Raspberry Brand 

 (P. Rubi-Idaei, Pers., or P. gracile, Grev.) on wild and 

 on garden Raspberries, and Rose Brand (P. mucro- 

 natum) on Rose-leaves. In all the species of Phrag- 

 midium, the Fungus appears on the green parts, 

 especially on the leaves, in the form of small spots, 

 usually very numerous, on the lower surface. The leaf 

 is, in some plants (e.g., Bramble), discoloured around the 

 spots ; in others (e.g., Raspberry), it is not discoloured. 

 The Fungus is, at first, yellow, and the spots are seen, 

 with the aid of the microscope, to be made up of 

 masses of globular, or angular, yellow cells or spores. 

 In this stage, the species of Phragmidium used to be 

 referred to the genus Lecythea. As the Fungus matures, 

 the spots become dark brown or black, and the spores 

 then present are much larger than those produced in 

 the previous stage. Each consists of a single row of 

 cells, from three to ten in number. They are very dark 

 brown when mature, and are supported on slender foot- 

 stalks. The species on Raspberry has eight to ten cells 



lengthwise with rows of dots. The beetles and their 

 larvae feed on the leaves of Willows and of Poplars, 

 gnawing the tissues of the leaf from below till only the 

 network of veins is left, with the thin, transparent mem- 

 brane of the upper surface stretched upon it. The 

 larvae are rather long in the body, with six true legs on 

 the front part. The head is black, the body whitish or 

 yellowish, with black marks on the back, and black 

 spots on the sides. They become pup in the soil. 

 There are usually two broods in a year, and the beetles 

 of the second hybernate, protected under loose bark, or 

 among rubbish on the ground near the plants. All sorts 

 of Willows and Poplars are liable to injury from this 

 insect. 



Remedies. The larvae may be shaken off the leaves, upon 

 anything spread to receive them, and should be collected 

 and destroyed. The mere shaking them off while im- 

 mature is of use, as many fail to find their way back to 

 the trees ; but such a proceeding would do little harm 

 to the mature larvae, which are ready to burrow into 

 the earth. In some parts of the country, the Willow- 

 growers have their trees hand-picked or shaken over 

 vessels containing a little paraffin. Others make use of 

 Paris green, in suspension, in water, about lb. to lib. being 

 used in 40gals. of fluid ; this must be sprinkled over 

 the plants. The hybernating beetles should also be 

 removed in the loose bark and surface rubbish, and all 

 the rubbish in which they lie should be burned. In 

 various parts of the country, the Osiers were threatened 

 with destruction till Paris green was employed as a 

 remedy. 



