356 



THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 



SANDY FEAR. See Pyrus sinensis. 



SANGUINAIRE PLANT. A common name for 

 Paronychia argentea. 



SANGUINARIA (from sanguis, blood; the root- 

 stock of the plant is surcharged with a reddish orange, 

 acrid juice). Blood root ; Red Puccoon. OBD. Papa- 

 veracece. A monotypic genus. The species is a low, 

 hardy, perennial herb, with a thick, prostrate rootstock. 

 It proves useful for ornamenting the front of flower 

 borders. A light, sandy loam or peat soil is suitable. 

 Increased by division of the roots, or by seeds. 

 S. canadensis (Canadian).* Common Bloodroot ; Bloodwort. 



JL white, handsome ; sepals two ; petals eight to twelve, m 



two or three series, not crumpled; stamens numerous; scape 



naked, one-flowered. April and May. I. solitary, rounded, 



palmately veined, h. 6in. North America, 1680. See Fig. 414. 



(B. M. 162.) 



SANGUINE, SANGUINEOUS. Dull red, pass- 

 ing into brownish-black. 



SANGUISORBA. Included under Poterium. 



SANGUISORBACE2E. Included under Rosacece. 



SANHILARIA. A synonym of Stifftia (which see). 



SANICLE, BEAR'S EAR. See Cortusa. 



SANSEVIELLA. A synonym of Reineckea (which 

 see). 



SANSEVIERA (named after Raimond de Sansgrio, 

 Prince of Sanseviero, 1710-1776). Bowstring Hemp. 

 STNS. Acyntha, Salmia. OBD. Hasmodoracece. Nine 

 species are enumerated by Mr. Baker as belonging to 

 this genus; they are stove, herbaceous perennials, with 

 short, thick, sometimes stoloniferous rhizomes, natives 

 of tropical and South Africa and the East Indies. 

 Flowers mediocre or long, racemose ; perianth tube 

 sometimes very long, scarcely enlarged at apex, the 

 lobes narrow, equal, and slightly spreading; stamens 

 six ; pedicels articulated at apex ; scape simple, tall. 

 Leaves rosulate, thick, cartilaginous, fibrous within, 

 often elongated, nearly flat or terete. The four best- 

 known species are described below. They are interest- 

 ing plants, thriving in sandy loam. Propagation may 

 be effected by suckers. When dormant, the plants 

 should be sparingly watered. 



S. cylindrica (cylindrical), fl., perianth whitish, lin. to IJin. 

 long, the segments equalling the very slender tube ; anthers at 

 length exserted ; raceme 2ft. to 2ift. long, 2iin. to 3in. thick when 

 expanded; scape nearly 1ft high, firm. August. I. arcuate, 

 cylindrical, 3ft. to 4ft. long, lin. thick, rigid, coriaceous. South 

 tropical Africa, 1856. (B. M. 5093.) 



S. guineensis (Guinea). /., perianth whitish, tinged with 

 greenish-brown, 2in. long, the segments equalling the tube; 

 raceme simple, lift, to 2it. long, Sin. broad when expanded ; scape 

 lit. to lift, high, glaucous, purplish-green, with three or four 

 deltoid bracts. September. I. sub-erect, oblanceolate, cartila- 

 ginous, 3ft. to 4ft. high, 2Jin. to 5in. broad above the middle, 

 whitish or obscurely reddish on the margins, white-spotted, 

 cuspidate Guinea, 1690. (B. M. 1179.) S. fllauca, S. iaeUvirens, 

 and S. poluphylla, are mere forms of this species. 



S. longiflora (long-flowered), fl., perianth greenish-white, 3iin. 

 to 4m. long, at length drooping, the segments one-third the length 

 of the tube; raceme dense, 1ft. to lift, long, Sin. to 9in. thicV; 

 scape 1ft. or more long. July. 1. sub-erect, oblanceolate, 1ft. to 

 2ft long, 3m. to 4m. broad, white-spotted, distinctly red-mar- 



, 

 but not thick - 



l Western Africa, 



S. zcylanica (Cingalese). /., perianth greenish-white, IJin. to 



lim. long, the segments equalling the tube ; raceme 1ft. of more 



long 2m. to 2jm thick ; scape 1ft. or more high. September. 



I. falcate, 1ft. to 2ft. or more long, ensiform, sub-terete, Jin. to 



1m. broad at base, deeply channel.ed, obscure green with white 



markings, the margins scarions and distinctly red-lined. East 



Indies, 1731. (BE. 160.) S. erm/oKa, s. ffrandlmpis, S. pumUa, 



and S. stcnophylla, are mere garden forms of this species. 



SANTALACEJE. A natural order of trees, shrubs, 



or dwarf herbs, a few of which are parasitic on trees 



or roots; they are broadly dispersed over tropical and 



temperate regions. Flowers greenish, yellowish - green, 



or rarely orange, usually small, but in a few instances 



conspicuous, hermaphrodite or dioecious, or rarely 



monoacious by abortion, regular; perianth simple, green 



Santalaceae continued. 



or corolla-like, sometimes slightly fleshy, adnate to the 

 disk or to the base of the ovary, four, five, or rarely 

 three or six-lobed, valvate or rarely loosely imbricated ; 

 stamens (except in Grubbia) as many as the perianth 

 lobes ; filaments filiform or rather broad, sometimes very 

 short ; style cylindrical, conical or shortened ; bracteoles 

 usually two ; inflorescence variable. Fruit indehiscent, 

 nut-like or often drupaceous. Leaves alternate or oppo- 

 site, entire, sometimes scale like; stipules none. The 

 order comprises twenty - eight genera, and nearly 220 

 species. Illustrative genera are : Exocarpus, Grubbia, 

 Santalum and Thesium. 



SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal, which, in 

 turn, is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name 

 of the tree). STN. Sirium. OBD. Santalacece. A genus 

 embracing about eight species of stove, evergreen, 

 glabrous trees or shrubs, closely related, natives of the 

 East Indies, the Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and 

 the Pacific Islands. Flowers often larger than in allied 

 genera, in small, axillary or terminal, trichotomous 

 panicles, usually shorter than the leaves, and sometimes 

 almost reduced to simple racemes ; perianth tube cam- 

 panulate or obovate, the lobes four, or rarely five, with 

 a tuft of hairs inside behind each stamen. Leaves op- 

 posite or rarely alternate, petiolate, entire, coriaceous or 

 slightly fleshy, penniveined, but the midrib only con- 

 spicuous. Two of the species have been introduced, one 

 of which (8. album) yields the Sandal Wood of India. 

 The cultivation of this plant in gardens is not easy. It 

 is supposed to be more or less parasitical on the roots of 

 other plants which grow near it. In India it is exten- 

 sively grown, but it thrives only under peculiar con- 

 ditions. Some authorities deny that it is at all parasitical. 

 At Kew, young plants of 8. album are inserted in very 

 sandy loam, and grown in a stove temperature. The 

 other introduced species will thrive under similar con- 

 ditions. 



S. album (white), fl. reddish within, campanulate, four-fid; 

 pedicels nearly equalling the perianth tube ; panicles terminal 

 and lateral, many-flowered. May. I. ovate-elliptic, acute at 

 base, acute or rarely obtuse at apex, liin. to 2iin. long, some- 

 times varying on the same branch from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 

 pale beneath, membranous, h. 15ft. East Indies, 1804. Tree. 

 The wood is white or citron-coloured and sweet-scented when 

 dry, and it is much esteemed in India as a perfume. (B. M. 3235.) 

 S. a. myrtifolium (Myrtle-leaved). I. narrower and paler 



beneath than in the type. Shrub or small tree. 

 S. obtusifolium (obtuse-leaved), fl. red, few, in small, shortly 

 pedunculate, axillary racemes or cymes, the short pedicels or 

 lateral branches rarely bearing two or three flowers. June. 

 I. opposite, or the uppermost ones rarely alternate, linear-oblong, 

 lanceolate, or broadly oblong, obtuse, lin. to 2in. long, rather 

 thick, the margins often revolute when drying, h. 6ft. Australia. 

 1823. A slender shrub, of livid aspect 



SANTOLINA (probably from Santonica, an old 



name given by Pliny to a kind of Wormwood, found 



among the Santonea, a Gallic tribe). Lavender Cotton. 



OBD. Composite. A genus consisting of about eight 



species of sweet - smelling, mostly hardy sub - shrubs, 



inhabiting the Mediterranean regions. Flower - heads 



yellow (or whitish ?), mediocre or small, long-pedunculate ; 



involucre ovoid, sub-globose, or scarcely hemispherical ; 



the bracts many-seriate, appressedly imbricated; receptacle 



slightly convex ; florets regular ; achenes glabrous, three, 



four, or rarely five-jointed. Leaves alternate, pectinate, 



or clustered and pinnatisect. A selection from the species 



introduced is given below. S. Chamcecyparissus has long 



been known in gardens. For culture, see Acliillea. 



S. Chamcecyparissus (Chamsecyparis-like). Common Lavender 



Cotton, fl.-h.eads resembling those of a Chamomile divested of 



its white rays, solitary at the ends of the wiry twigs. July. 



I. small, linear, thickly set on the twigs, furnished with four to 



six rows of short, obtuse teeth, and, as well as the stems, 



clothed with hoary pubescence. A. 1ft to 2ft South Europe, 



S. C. incana (hoary).* A pretty, dwarf-growing plant, useful for 

 divisional lines or edging ; its slender, twig-like growths and 

 knotty leaves are densely covered with silvery tomentum 



