AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



395 



Scolytidse continued. 



injuries done by them to trees, and the means of pre- 

 venting or combating their attacks, are much alike in 

 all the species. Fortunately, they seldom appear in qnite 

 healthy trees ; but if trees have been weakened by any 

 cause (e.g., unfavourable soil, or gases in the soil or in 



FIG. 457. ELM TUUNK (much reduced), from which the Bark has 

 been removed from one side to show the Galleries formed 

 by Scolytus Geo/royi. 



the atmosphere), their destruction is often completed by 

 these insects in a short time. Examples of this are fre- 

 quently seen in the destruction by them of Elms and of 

 other trees in public promenades in large towns (e.g., in 

 Paris). 



Remedies. The beetles prefer dying or dead wood in 

 * which to breed ; hence, all such trees should be removed 

 without delay, or, if the trunks are too large to be 

 removed, the bark ought to be torn off and burned. It 

 is well to leave some dead trunks as traps, since the 



FIG. 458. OLD BARK OF ELM, showing Holes pierced by Scolytus 

 Geo/royi. 



beetles resort to them in preference to living trees, and 

 the logs can be burned with the insects in them. These 

 traps should be renewed about every month during the 

 breeding season, in summer. Where trees show holes (see 

 Vig. 458), the bark should be removed from the infested 



Scolytidse continued. 



parts about the end of June. In a. short time the larvae 

 will be dead, and most of them will have been removed 

 by birds. Choice trees may be protected by saturating 

 the outer bark with tobacco solution, or other applica- 

 tions distasteful to the beetles, about the breeding season. 

 The more destructive species in Britain are as follows : 

 On Elms, in avenues, &c., Scolytus Geoffroyi (also called 

 8. destructor (see Figs. 455 to 458), 8. pygmceus, and 

 Hylesinus vittatus ; on Ash, Hylesinus crenatus and 

 H. Fraxini; on Birch, Scolytus Ratzeburgi and (in the 

 wood) Bostrichus domesticus ; in Beech- wood, B. domes- 

 ticus ; on Scotch Firs and other Conifers, Hylesinus poli- 

 graphus, Bostrichus chalcographus, B. typographus, B. 

 Laricis, B. suturaUs, B. bidentatus, B. micrographus, 

 B. lineatus, B. cinereus, Hylesinus angustatus, H. pnl- 

 liatus, H. atra, H. piniperda. Scolytus Pruni, on the 

 Continent, occasionally proves hurtful to fruit - trees, 

 e.g., Apple and Pear. 



SCOLYTUS. A genus of Scolytidse (which see). 



SCOOPS. Tools employed for levelling or rendering 

 smooth the bottoms of drains, when preparing for the 

 drain-pipes. They are usually provided with long handles, 

 and made in several widths, both hollowed and flattened 

 in the sole part, intended for scooping out the soil. 

 Some have the point of the Scoop turned on an angle 

 towards the workman when in use; others turn in the 

 opposite direction. 



SCOP ART A (from scopa, a broom; the plants may 

 b% used for sweeping purposes). OBD. Scrophularinece. 

 A genus comprising five or six species of much branched 

 herbs or small shrubs, natives of Mexico and South 

 America, one being broadly dispersed over all warm 

 regions. Flowers white, yellow, or pale bluish, rather 

 small, on axillary or twin pedicels; calyx four or five- 

 parted; corolla four-cleft. Leaves opposite or whorled, 

 entire or toothed, dotted. Two species have been intro- 

 duced 8. dulcis (Sweet Broom) and S. flava both 

 herbaceous ; but they are probably lost to cultivation. 



SCOPOLIA (named in honour of John Anthony 

 Scopoli, 1732-1788, Professor of Natural History at 

 Pavia, and author of botanical works). STN. Scopolina. 

 Including Anisodus and Whitleya. OBD. Solanacece. 

 A small genus (three species) of hardy, erect, scarcely 

 branched, perennial herbs ; one is European, the second 

 Japanese, and the third Himalayan. Flowers lurid-purple 

 or greenish, veined, nodding; calyx truncate or broadly 

 and shortly five-lobed ; corolla ample, the limb five-angled 

 or very shortly five-lobed ; stamens five ; pedicels soli- 

 tary, filiform. Leaves membranous, entire. Two of 

 the species have been introduced. They thrive in a 

 light, dry soil, and in a shady situation. Propagation 

 may be effected by division of the roots. 8. carniolica 

 is a very desirable plant, on account of its pretty 

 flowers being produced in spring. 



S. carniolica (Carniolan).* JL iin. long, solitary, axillary, nod- 

 ding ; corolla lurid-red, yellow or green within ; peduncles jin. to 

 liin. long. April. I. entire, petiolate, Sin. to 3in. long, ovate 

 or obovate-oblong, sub-cuspidate ; petioles iin. long. h. 1ft. or 

 more, Russia, Ac., 1780. (B. M. 1126, under name of Hyoscy. 

 amus Scopolia.) 



S. lurida (lurid). /.. axillary; corolla at first green, then 

 yellowish, at length purplish ; peduncles iin. to 2in. long. Sep- 

 tember. I. petiolate, ovate, acute, undulated, wrinkled, the 

 larger ones 6in. to 7in. long, mostly unequal, glabrous above, 

 slenderly-tomentose and canescent beneath, h. 4ft. to 6ft. 

 Nepaul, 1824. (S. B. F. O. 125, under name of Whitleya stramoni- 

 folia.) 



SCOPOLIA (of Smith), 

 (which see). 



Included under Toddalia 



SCOPOLINA. 



SCORDIUM 

 fee). 



A synonym of Scopolia (which see). 

 Included under Teucrium (which 



