AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 



485 



Stakes and Staking continued. 



Stakes, in the sliape of a triangle, round them, just 

 clear of the roots, and tying to each near the top. A 

 small piece of carpet, or something soft, should be put 

 round the stem where the ties are made, for protecting 

 the bark. 



All Stakes must of necessity be sharpened more or 

 less to a point, at the lower or larger end, in order 

 that they may enter the ground. 



STALAGMITES. A synonym of Xanthochymus 

 (which see). 



STALK. A common term for any kind of lengthened 

 support en which an organ is elevated. 



STAMEN (from stamen, a thread; in allusion to 

 the slender form). One of the male organs of flowers. 

 In the Stamens the pollen is formed and ripened, 

 before it is set free to fall on the stigma, and, through 

 it, to gain access to and fertilise the ovules (see Ovule 

 and Pollen). There are usually several Stamens in a 

 flower, and the whole assemblage of them is often called 

 the androecium (from the Greek words aner, andros, a 

 male, and oikos, a house). A complete Stamen is made 



Fio. 519. STAMEN, showing (a) Anther and (/) Filament 



up of two chief parts (see Fig. 519), the anther (a) and 

 the filament (/) or stalk supporting the anther. In many 

 plants, the filaments are long, and cause the anthers to 

 project from the corolla or perianth -(see Fig. 520). In 

 other plants, they are shorter than the corolla; and in 

 Borne there are no filaments (e.g., in Orchids, in which 

 the anther and the styles are adherent to one another). 

 The filaments are usually free from one another, and are 

 long and slender; but in many plants they are broad, 

 or bear outgrowths (Deutzia), or are united into groups 



Fio. 620. FLOWER OK LILHM PVRENAICUM, showing lone Stamens 

 bearing Anthers projecting beyond the Perianth. 



by their base (Hypericum), or grow together so as to 

 form a more or less complete tube (Eucharis, Hibiscus). 

 The anther is usually oval or linear; and in by far the 

 greater number of plants it is evidently made up of 

 two lobes, separated lengthwise by a portion called the 

 "connective," which is similar in structure to the fila- 

 ment, and, in many anthers, is evidently a prolonga- 

 tion of it. The connective is very narrow and incon- 

 spicuous in some plants ; broad in others, so that the 

 lobes are widely separated. In some it is prolonged 

 beyond the lobes at the tip, as a plate, or backwards 



Stamen continued. 



in spurs or outgrowths of various forms. The uses of 

 these variations in form and position, the structure of 

 the walk of the two pollen-spaces in each lobe, and 

 the course of development of the pollen, are described 

 under Nectary, Pollen, and Pollination. Stameiw 

 vary in number from one (Hippuris) to an indefinite 

 number (Ranunculus) ; but most frequently there are 

 three, four, or five, arranged in one circle, or six, eight, 

 or ten, in an outer and an inner circle. On the number 

 and arrangement of the Stamens, Linnaeus founded the 

 great divisions in the classification named after him, 

 and for years BO widely used, and which is still fre- 

 quently employed, as a most convenient key for rapidly 

 determining the names of plants. 



STAMINEAL 

 stamens. 



Consisting of, or relating to, 



STAMINZFEROUS. Bearing stamens. 

 STAMINODE. A rudimentary stamen. 



STAMINODY. A name for the metamorphosis of 

 other organs into stamens. 



STANDARD. The fifth or posterior petal of a 

 papilionaceous corolla. 



STANDARDS. A term applied to trees or plants 

 that have an upright stem supporting the head. They 

 are grown in the open, as, for example, Apple, Pear, 

 Plum-trees, &c., in an orchard. Chrysanthemums, Helio- 

 trope, and Mignonette, are examples of plants readily 

 grown as Standards in pots. 



STANGEKIA (named after William Stanger, Sur- 

 veyor-General of Natal, who died in 1854). ORD. Cy- 

 cadacece. A monotypic genus. The species is a stove 

 Cycad, requiring similar treatment to that recommended 

 for 



B. paradoxa (paradoxical). Hottentot's Head. I. few, long- 

 petiolate, pinnate, highly glabrous ; pinna- opposite and alter- 

 nate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, acute, or acuminate, spinuloso- 

 serrulate or slightly crenate, rarely pinnatitid-lohed, traversed 

 by parallel, forked veins, like those of a Lvmaria; the lower 

 ones petiolulate and sometimes bifid at base, the upper ones 

 sessile, cones pedunculate, villous, densely clothed with im- 

 bricating scales in .many series ; males cylindrical ; females 

 shorter, oblong-cylindrical. Trunk or caudex 1ft. long, nearly 

 subterraneous, sub-cylindrical, turnip-like, or deformed, nar- 

 rowed at base. A. 2ft South-eastern sub-tropical Africa, 1851. 

 (B. M. 512L) 



S. p. Katzeri (Katzer's). I. few, ovate ; pinnae about eleven 

 pairs, obverse-oblong, roundish and mucronate at apex, slightly 

 undulated and crenately repand along the margins. This 

 differs from the type in its smaller size. (K. G. 798, under 

 name of 5. Katzeri.) 



S. p. schizodon (cut-toothed). 1., pinnae irregularly inciso- 

 serrate. 1872. This is the more robust form ; it represents the 

 one extreme, whilst S. p. KaUeri represents the other. 



STANHOFEA (named in honour of Earl Stanhope, 

 1781-1855, President of the Medico-botanical Society). 

 STN. Ceratochilus. ORD. Orchidece. A genus including 

 about thirty species of beautiful, stove, epiphytal Orchids, 

 natives of tropical America, from Brazil to Mexico. 

 Flowers large, few, in a loose raceme, pedicellate ; sepals 

 and petals free, spreading, the latter sometimes undu- 

 lated; lip thick and fleshy, variable and remarkable in 

 structure ; the hinder portion (hypochil) usually saccate, 

 the middle part (mesocbil) often two-horned, and the 

 anterior portion (epichil) more or less movable ; column 

 erect or incurved ; pollen masses two ; bracts mem- 

 branous, spathe-like ; scape deflexed or pendulous. Leaf 

 ample, plicate-veined, contracted into the petiole. Stem 

 very short, many-sheathed, one-leaved, usually thickened 

 below into a fleshy pseudo-bulb. Although the flowers 

 of the Stanhopeas are ephemeral, lasting but a few days 

 in perfection, yet their free-blossoming habit should 

 secure their presence in all collections. Some of the 

 flowers are very handsome, and many are very strongly 

 perfumed. 



