10 



a Marsh tree on the L. V. W. Brown ranch at Riverside, California, in 1919 (61). 

 Conner (12) propagates commercially a variety of grapefruit, the Conner Pro- 

 lific, which he states originated as a bud mutation of the Bowen. The writer has 

 isolated through bud selection in the Marsh grapefruit variety, as grown in Cali- 

 fornia, a mutation having conspicuously flattened and commercially seedless fruits 

 (54, 66). An illustration showing a typical fruit of this strain is shown in Plate 

 20. It is of much greater commercial value than the parent variety and is now 

 being extensively propagated by nurserymen in California. 



In cotton, the Pima, the Yuma, the Gila, and the Somerton, improved long 

 staple varieties, originated as mutations, according to Kearney (29, 30, 31), their 

 originator, and are amongst the most important commercially in the United States. 



In tobacco, the writer (47) in 1904 in the Connecticut Valley originated the 

 Hazlewood variety as a mutation of the Cuban variety. This variety has fur- 

 nished the foundation for one of the important agricultural industries in America. 

 In 1903 and 1904 the writer secured through the selection of mutations the Uncle 

 Sam Sumatra, which is grown commercially in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama; 

 the Halladay, which is extensively grown in the Connecticut Valley, and other 

 commercial tobacco varieties. 



In the cacti, Griffiths (27) records the origin of several spineless varieties 

 as bud variations of spiny forms. 



In corn, Emerson (21) records the occurrence of recurring somatic varia- 

 tions in variegated ears. De Vries (74) describes mass mutations in maize 

 and (73) other forms of mutation, including unbranched varieties, loss of starch 

 in the grains, and dwarf forms. East and Hayes (20) report various forms of 

 somatic mutations in corn, including dwarf, bifurcated, and branched ears. 



In sugar cane, Carriere (8) mentions this plant as one which shows a large 

 number of distinct bud varieties. Darwin (15) states that sugar cane is one of 

 several plants that sometimes produce new varieties from the stock or root. He 

 .quotes Caldwell (7) as saying that the Ribbon cane has sported in Mauritius 

 "into a perfectly green cane and a perfectly red cane from the same head. I veri- 

 fied this myself, and saw at least 200 instances in the same plantation and the 

 fact that completely upset all our preconceived ideas of the differences of color 

 being permanent. The conversion of a striped cane into a green cane was not 

 uncommon, but the change into a red cane, universally disbelieved, and that both 

 events should occur in the same plant, seemed incredible. I find, however, in 

 Fleischman's 'Report on Sugar Cultivation in Louisiana for 1848' by the American 

 Patent Office, the circumstance is mentioned, but he says he never saw it him- 

 self." 



The Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies (35) reported several 

 instances of striking bud mutations in sugar cane that had recently come to his 

 attention, and presented colored illustrations of two of them. (An abstract of 

 this article with black and white reproductions of the illustrations has appeared 

 in the Journal of Heredity (39).) These observations were summarized as 

 follows : 



