Chap. XX.] 



SOME NOTES ()X FilUI'l'-GAlJDEXS. 



327 



to us why the deep temporary copings recommended in this book 

 are so effective in saving crops. It may be doubted if they could 

 have much influence in protecting the trees from intense cold, but 

 they give complete protection from cold rains, sleet, and snow. 



A winged pyramid figured in this chapter from one of the 

 specimens here, is of a form which commends itself owing to the 



Winged lyraniid, Beurri Hardy; lo years old, i-^ feet high, dk/eet ivide ; average croJ>, 

 400 Pears. M. Jamin's garden, Bourg-la-Reine. 



avoidance of loss from high winds, the branches being firmly 

 placed in position. It is a combination of the espalier and the 

 pyramid, and is as easy to form as any other to those who have 

 learnt the rudiments of fruit-culture as taught in France. 

 The branches are trained in four opposite wings mutually sup- 

 porting each other by the aid of slender rods of willow, or any 

 easily-procured stakes. Such a form must not be classed among 



z 2 



