400 



THE TAIIKS AND GARDENS OF PARIS. [Chap. XXllI. 



penetrate sufficiently into the layer of yonng wood to well 

 intercept the sap)-vessels. If with all these precautions there are 



ohjectionably-bare spaces on 

 the stem, they may be re- 

 medied by grafting by ap- 

 proach, that is to say, turn- 

 ing back a vigorous branch 

 to the main stem, and graft- 

 ing it on to the bare space ; 

 or if this cannot be done, 

 inserting a short ordinary 

 graft in the stem. This, 

 however, with good manage- 

 ment, will rarely be neces- 

 sary. 



Having trained the branches 

 straight, the next point is to 

 see that they follow the desired 

 oblique line ; and it will be 

 seen by the illustrations that 

 the disposition given them 

 is better than the one they 

 assume under a less careful 

 system. The light enters 

 freely to all parts of the tree ; 

 the more important part of it is under the command of the 

 eye and hand, and the top is prevented from running away. 

 This, however, is more owing to the fine 

 formation of the lower branches than to the 

 position they assume, though certainly such 

 free and straight outlets for the rising sap 

 are very effective in preventing a gross de- 

 velopment above, and consequently in keep- 

 ing the tree in the condition desired. During 

 the summer following the second pruning, 

 the operations for maintaining the lead 

 with the vertical branch, and equality 

 among the lateral shoots of the new growth, must be carried 

 out as before described. In the third pruning the young lateral 



Grafting by approach, to cover ha 

 Pyramidal Trees. 



Grafting by approach as 

 applied to IVail and 

 Espalier Trees. 



