14 LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES OF THE HORSE. 



ANTERIOR LIMB. 



Shoulder Joint. (Scapulo-hiimeral.) 

 Ligament. 



Cwpsular. — This is the only ligament of this joint. It is at- 

 tached around the glenoid cavity of the scapula above, and 

 the head of the humerus below. It is a loose sac and 

 comparatively thin, except in front, where it is reinforced 

 by fibres passing from the coracoid process to the inner 

 and outer lips of the bicipital groove. 

 Synovial Membrane. 



This is single, and lines the capsular ligament. 

 Movements. 



Extension, flexion, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and 



rotation. 

 Note. — The absence- of binding ligaments is fully compensated 

 for by the numerous tendons and muscles surrounding the 

 joint. These are the antea-spinatus, postea-spinatus, flexor 

 brachii, teres minor, caput magnum, and the subscapularis. 

 Atmospheric pressure is of undoubted assistance also. 



ELBOW JOINT. 



A. Humero-radial. 



1. Anteiior. — Membranous, being attached above to the hum- 



erus, below, to the radius. 



2. Internal lateral. — Attached above to a small eminence on 



the inner side of the distal extremity of the hunjerus, be- 

 low, to the radius just below the bicipital tuberosity. 



3. External lateral.— Y'lKed. above to a depression on the outer 



side of the lower extremity of the humerus, below, to the 

 external tuberosity of the radius. 



B. Radioulnar. 



1. liiternsseus. — Those below the radio-uhiar arch being ossified 

 in the adult. 



