LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES OF THE HORSE. 13 



Posterior. — Bands stretching across the joint before and behind, 

 being attached to the neck of the rib and the transverse 

 process. 



B. Chondro-costal.— Continuity of the periosteum and perichon- 



drium. 



C. Chondro-sternal. 



Capsular. 



Superior and l7iferior — Merely thickenings of the capsular 

 above and below. 



Cartilage of the 9th rib. — Attached to the preceding cartilage 

 by fibrous bands, also to the ensiform cartilage of the 

 sternum, by the chondro-xiphoid ligament. The succeed- 

 ing cartilages are attached each to the posterior edge of 

 the cartilage in front by fibro-elastic bands. 



Synovial Membranes. 



In the costo-central joint there are two sacs, separated by the 

 interarticular ligament, except in the first, which has a 

 single sac. 



In the costo-trans verse joint there is a single sac. But in 

 the last two or three there is no separate sac, as the two 

 joint cavities are continuous. 



In the 8 chondro-costal joints there are synovial sacs, the 

 first pair having a common sac. 



Movement. 



Rotation. In inspiration, the rib moves forwards and outwards, 

 in expiration, it returns to its former position. 



Note. — There are no movable joints in the sternum of the horse, 

 the segments being united by persisting cartilage. There 

 are, however, two fibrous cords (suprasternal ligaments) on 

 the lateral borders of its upper surface. 



