LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES OF THE HORSE. 11 



5th, and 5th and 6th, lumbar vertebra? ; and between the 

 last and the sacrum. 



In old subjects, however, these latter joints have frequent- 

 ly become anchylosed. 

 Movements. 



These are flexion, extension, lateral inclination and rotation. 



They are best seen in the cervical region. Rotation is ab- 

 sent in the lumbar region, and very slight in the dorsal 

 region. 



OCCIPITO-ATLOID. 



1. Capsular. — Attached around the condyles of the occiput and 



the anterior border of the atlas. 



2. Cruciform.— Formed by the superior fiV)res of the capsular 



which intercross. 



3. Styloid. — Lateral thickenings of the capsular, attached to the 



styloid processes of the occipital. 

 Synovial Membranes. 



There are two of these, each belonging to an occipital condyle 

 and its corresponding cavity, on the anterior part of the 

 atlas. Each is related on its inner side to the dura mater 

 and odontoid ligament, and on its outer side to the capsu- 

 lar ligament. 



Movements. 



These are flexion and extension (nodding of the head). 



Atlo-axoid. 



1. Capsidar — A membranous ligament connecting the articu- 



lar surfaces, having superior, inferior, and lateral thick- 

 enings. 



2. Odontoid. — Flat and triangular in shape, is attached behind 



to the depression on the upper surface of the odontoid 

 process, in front to the floor of the atlas, and to the lateral 

 edges of the foramen magnum. 



