crprLirF.!t>t. (<>ak iamilv.) 477 



♦ * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rureli/ s])iiii/-tuot/teil. — LiVK Oaks. 



10. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, 

 lioarv beneath as well as the hranchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1 -3- 

 fruitcil; cup toi)-shape(l ; acorn oblon^; ; cotyledons c'onijjletcly united into one 

 mass. — Along the cojist from Va. to Fla. and Tex. liec-oming a large tree 

 at the soutli, and formerly extensively used in ship-building. 



§2. MELANOBALANI'S. Bark dark; furrowed ; leaves deridmns, their 

 lobes and teeth acute a)td bristle-pointed (at least in youth) ; stamens mostly 

 4 - 6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long and spreading ; abortive ovules 

 near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut tomentose ; fruit ma- 

 turing the second year, sessile or on short thick jjeduncles ; wood porous and 

 brittle. — Black Oaks. 



* Leaves pinnatijid or lobed, slend€r-])€tioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth 



conspicuously bristle-pointed. 

 H- Mature leaves qlabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat 

 obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatijid to deeply pinnatijid, 

 turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with 

 reddish coarse-grained wood ; species closely related and apparently readily 

 hybridizing. 



11. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow 

 raised border (9- 12" in diameter), of rather fine closely ajjpressed scales, 

 se.ssile or ou a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter 

 than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn, which is V or less iu length; leaves 

 rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) 

 pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth; 

 bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich and poor soil, 

 westward to E. Minn, and E. Kan. Timl)er 'coarse and poor. — Var. rinci- 

 n\ta, a. DC, is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fi.'.it nearly 

 a half smaller; found near St. Louis. 



12. Q. COCCinea, Wang. (Scaulet Oak.) Cup top-shajted, or hemi- 

 spherical with a conical base (7-9" broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or 

 more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales somewhat appressed and 

 glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var. 

 tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright 

 green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatitid, the slender 

 lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6-9" long; 

 bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil; comnum, 

 from S. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains. 



Var. tinct6ria, Gray. (Quercitron, Yellow-harked, or Black Oak.) 

 Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubes- 

 cent beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn ; cup-scales 

 large and loosely imbricated or scjuarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent ; 

 bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher ou the surface, thicker, and inter- 

 nally orange, much more valuable f()r the tanner and dyer; buds longer and 

 more pointed ; cup sometimes less top sliaped. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram.) — Dry 

 or gravelly uplands, 8. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate 

 forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used iu tanniug. 



