84: 



it also provides that standard "A" and "B" grades shall 

 be practically free from blemishes by insects and diseases, 

 and that not more than ten and fifteen percentum respec- 

 tively of the fruit shall fall below specifications on a com- 

 bination of all defects or five percentum on any single 

 ciefect. Apples not conforming to foregoing specifications 

 are branded as "ungraded." 



The enforcement of the law during the past two years 

 has clearly shown the necessity on the part of our orchard- 

 ists of a more careful discrimination of fruit with respect 

 to their imperfections. As was expected, some confusion 

 exists as to what really constitute a "defective" apple 

 within the meaning of the law; and practices of farmers in 

 the grading of their crops with respect to their imperfec- 

 tions have differed greatly, some being more discriminating 

 than others — a condition which Avill be gradually remedied 

 as the laAV is better understood and more efficiently en- 

 forced. 



One conspicuous result from the attempts to grade fruit 

 more closely has been an unusual demand by both commer- 

 cial orchardists, as well as commission men, for information 

 t<s regards the nature of the agents that are responsible for 

 the disfigurement of apples. 



In order to raise the maximum amount of fruit free 

 from defects, it is obvious that there should be a clear 

 understanding of the destructive activities of the principal 

 oi'chard pests, since not all of them are susceptible to the 

 same repressive and remedial measures. ]\retliods that suc- 

 ceed against the codling moth are of no avail against apple- 

 puncturing capsids, and injuries l)y the latter will continue 

 so long as spraying operations are directed solel}^ against 

 the former pest. Such illustrations could be multiplied, 

 'i'he point is clear and further emphasis is hardly necessary. 

 A more intelligent appreciation of these facts has unques- 

 tionably been developed as a result of the passing of the 

 packing law. More and more growers are realizing that 

 their spraying practices, successful as they have been, are 



