85 



faulty iu certain respects, and that new destructive insects, 

 vrhich have been overlooked or confused with other pests, 

 cannot be fought economically or efficiently by the methods 

 employed in the past. 



The imperfections that commonly occur on mature 

 spples in New York vary greatly in character and degree 

 of intensity, ranging from stippling with red to the occur- 

 rence of pits, scars, corky areas and blemishes of one sort 

 ?nd another which, if permitted to continue, must with a 

 strict enforcement of the new packing law have a great in- 

 fluence on the character of grading, if not on the financial 

 returns of some orchards. Recent studies have shown that 

 a number of insects, as well as some plant diseases, are 

 responsible for these blemishes. The scarlet tell-tale marks 

 CI the San Jose scale are too well known to need descrip- 

 tion. Quite similar in outward appearance and very prev- 

 alent during some seasons is a reddish stippling of apples, 

 which is due in most cases to slight or superficial infections 

 by fungi, probably in large part b}^ the apple scab. It Is 

 believed that quite similar discolorations may attend the 

 puncturing of the epidermis of apples by such insects as 

 plant lice or the apple fruit-fly. 



It goes without saying that the codling moth is largely 

 responsible for wormj^ apples. Too few growers appreciate 

 the fact that this pest is largely responsible for the "pin 

 holes" during early summer, as well as during laie summer 

 or fall. Apples showing such blemishes are regarded as 

 defective, and during some seasons such injuries are re- 

 sponsible for serious shrinkages in the yield of the higher 

 grades of fruit. It is not generally known among orchard- 

 ists that the codling moth is not wholly responsible for 

 "side-wormy" apples. Some of the blemishes that occur on 

 the cheeks of maturing apples are the work of the plum 

 curculio. 



In orchards of mixed fruits it is not a rare experience 

 to find almost as many apples showing "pin-holes" and 

 other imperfections l)y this insect as by the second brood of 



