fairly represent the average of the apples in the package," and 

 goes on to state that "it shall be considered a fair representa- 

 tion if the face does not excel the average of the apples in the 

 package by more than 15 per centum in the matter of size and 

 freedom from defects." But the Pennsylvania law establishes 

 no grades. 



Maine states, "the pack should be uniform throughout ex- 

 cept in barrels, the facing should be made of apples of uniform 

 size, color and shape. The apples used in facing should be a 

 part of the grade in the package; they should not be taken 

 from a higher grade." "Should be" is not a term positive 

 enough to put in any apple grading law. 



The Vermont law not being compulsory, it is probable that 

 most of the apples packed in Vermont which have complied 

 with the law as to packing and branding, have been so packed 

 because these grades were generally recognized in the markets 

 of the east where their fruit is marketed. 



Massachusetts requires that the packages shall not be over- 

 faced. 



The tolerance allowance for standard grades should be small, 

 and the poor, indefinable term, now used in many of the laws 

 "practically free," should be defined in the laws to read: 

 "Practically free means free from all defects except for toler- 

 ance allowance." Such terms as "should be," "fairly repre- 

 sent," "materially deform or discolor," etc., are too indefinite 

 and make the prosecution of violations difficult. 



The following barreled apple States have apple grading laws: 

 Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, 

 Delaware, New York, West Virginia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, 

 and possibly one or two other States. 



Provisions for Educational Work among Growers and Packers. 

 — Certainly an attempt should be made through Farm Bureau 

 organizations and local fruit growers' associations to fully in- 

 form growers and dealers as to the requirements of the law and 

 how they can best obey its mandates. The requirements must 

 not be so high that it is impossible to obey them if reasonable 

 care is taken, and should not greatly hinder the speed of pack- 

 ing operations. 



