THE ANGLO-SAXONS 41 



the Longhorn and the Shorthorn. These in 

 succession swept out many of the old local breeds 

 and occupied their ground instead ; and thus, 

 where, say, the Longhorn was found in 1775, a 

 totally different breed would have been found a 

 hundred years before. What these other breeds 

 were we can infer from the undisplaced breeds 

 around them, and, if possible, find confirmation 

 elsewhere. For example, the Longhorn came 

 into prominence in the English Midlands in the 

 first half of the eighteenth century, and spread 

 gradually southwards as well as in other directions 

 like a rising lake, submerging, as it were, all the 

 existing breeds excepting those that stood high 

 upon the banks around. The southern unsub- 

 merged breeds, with one exception, to which we 

 shall refer later, had many characters in common, 

 but one in particular, that they were all red. 

 Similarly the unsubmerged northern cattle were 

 all black. There is no difficulty in showing that 

 the cattle in Scotland and the North of England 

 were black two centuries ago, for, it will be found 

 from the agricultural and statistical surveys 

 published at the instance of the first Board of 

 Agriculture that they were black at a date still 

 later, while two quotations from Gervaise Mark- 

 ham will show that towards the end of the seven- 

 teenth century the black race reached south into 

 England as far as a line drawn approximately 

 from Staffordshire to Yorkshire: "As touching 



