THE CONQUEST OF THE ZONES 



Portuguese navigator, Magellan by name, started on 

 what must ever remain the most memorable of voyages, 

 save only that of Columbus. Magellan rounded the 

 southern point of South America and in 1521 reached 

 the Philippines, where he died. His companions con- 

 tinued the voyage and accomplished ultimately the cir- 

 cumnavigation of the globe; and in so doing afforded 

 the first unequivocal practical demonstration, of a 

 character calculated to appeal to the generality of un- 

 cultured men of the time, that the world is actually 

 round. 



Two routes from Europe to the Indies had thus been 

 established, but both of them were open to the objection 

 that they necessitated long detours to the South. To 

 the geographers of the time it seemed more than prob- 

 able that a shorter route could be established by sail- 

 ing northward and coasting along the shores either of 

 Europe to the East or — what seemed more probable — 

 of America to the West. Toward the close of the six- 

 teenth century the ships of the Dutch navigators had 

 penetrated to Nova Zembla, and a few years later 

 Henry Hudson visited Spitzbergen, thus inaugurating 

 the long series of arctic expeditions. Then Hudson, 

 still sailing under the Dutch flag, made heroic efforts 

 to find the fabled northwest passage, only to meet his 

 doom in the region of the Bay that has since borne his 

 name. 



THE QUEST OF THE POLE 



This was in the year 1610. For long generations 

 thereafter successors of Hudson were to keep up the 



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