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fertile soils in association with other hardwoods, it ranges from 

 Nova Scotia westward to southeastern Minnesota and southward 

 to eastern Texas in the west, and northern Florida in the east. It 

 is a large tree, growing rapidly during its youth, and producing 

 a light brown heartwood and pale sapwood which is hard, tough, 

 close grained, and free from taste or odor. 



Red ash extends farther west in its northern range than the 

 white ash, but not so far south, entering Northern Mississippi, 

 Alabama and Georgia. It is at best a medium-sized tree with a 

 short, often poorly formed trunk, and is common as a scattered 

 tree along the borders of swamps or on stream banks. The wood is 

 similar to that of white ash but inferior to it. 



Green ash is botanically a variety of the red ash and is often 

 confused with it. Its range is much greater, extending from Maine 

 to Saskatchewan and southward to Delaware, northwestern 

 Florida, eastern Texas, northeastern New Mexico, northern 

 Arizona, and Utah. Green ash is more important commercially 

 than red ash, being a larger tree, and is very hardy to climatic 

 extremes, having been widely used for planting in the plains states 

 and Canada. Its wood is similar in properties and uses to that of 

 white ash and is not distinguished from it in the lumber trade. 



Black ash is a typically northern tree, extending westward 

 from southern Newfoundland to southern Manitoba, and south- 

 ward to eastern Iowa, southern Ohio, and Delaware. It is a 

 small to medium-sized tree with a poorly shaped trunk, occurring 

 on moist to wet soils, in mixture with other hardwoods and coni- 

 fers along stream banks and the borders of swamps. The wood is 

 of a much poorer quality than that of the other northern ashes, 

 and is frequently known as "brown ash" in the lumber trade. 



Blue ash ranges from southern Michigan south to northern 

 Alabama and west to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. 

 It is a medium sized tree, reaching a maximum height of over 

 one hundred feet on the better soils where it is often accompanied 

 by white ash. Its rather restricted range and rare occurrence limit 

 its commercial importance, since its wood is similar to that of 

 white ash, not being distinguished from it by the lumber trade. 



Oregon ash is a timber tree of secondary importance in 

 the Pacific northwest. Commonly a tree of moderate size, 



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