c 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13 



SECTION VII. 



PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION AND SECRETION. PAGE 

 CHAPTER XXXIX. MOVEMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL 719 



Mastication, 719. Deglutition, 719. Nervous Control of Deglutition, 722. 

 Cardiac Sphincter, 724. Anatomy of the Stomach, 725. Musculature of the 

 Stomach, 726. Movements of the Stomach, 726. Effect of the Nerves on the 

 Movements of the Stomach, 730. Hunger Contractions, 731. Movements of 

 the Intestines, 731. Peristaltic and Pendular Movements of the Intestines, 734. 

 Movements of the Intestinal Villi, 735. Nervous Control of the Intestinal Move- 

 ments, 736. Effect of Various Conditions on the Intestinal Movements, 736. 

 Movements of the Large Intestines, 737. Defecation, 739. Vomiting, 741. 

 Nervous Mechanism of Vomiting, 742. 



CHAPTER XL. GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE 



FOOD AND THE ACTION OF ENZYMES 744 



Foods and Food-stuffs, 744. Accessory Articles of Diet, 747. Enzymes, His- '\ 



torical, 747. Reversible Reactions, 750. Specificity of Enzymes, 751. Defini- 

 tion and Classification of Enzymes, 752. General Properties of Enzymes, 754. 

 Partial List of Enzymes, 756. Chemical Composition of the Enzymes, 757. 



CHAPTER XLI. THE SALIVARY GLANDS AND THEIR DIGESTIVE ACTION 758 



Anatomy of the Salivary Glands, 758. Histological Structure, 760. Com- 

 position of the Secretion, 761. The Secretory Nerves, 761. Trophic and Secre- 

 tory Nerve Fibers, 764. Histological Changes during Activity, 765. Action of 

 Drugs upon the Secretory Nerves, 768. Paralytic Secretion, 769. Normal 

 Mechanism of Salivary Secretion, 769. Electrical Changes in Glands, 771. 

 Digestive Action of Saliva, Ptyalin, 771. Conditions Influencing the Action 

 of Ptyalin, 773. Functions of the Saliva, 773. 



CHAPTER XLII. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN THE STOMACH . 774 



Structure of the Gastric Glands, 774. Histological Changes during Secretion, 

 775. Method of Obtaining the Gastric Secretion and Its Normal Composition, 

 776. The Acid of Gastric Juice, 778. Origin of HC1, 779. Secretory Nerves 

 of the Gastric Glands, 780. Normal Mechanism of the Secretion of the Gastric 

 Juice, 781. Nature and Properties of Pepsin, 784. Artificial Gastric Juice, 785. 

 Pepsin-hydrochloric Digestion, 786. The Rennin Enzyme, 788. Digestive 

 Changes in the Stomach, 790. Absorption in the Stomach, 791. 



CHAPTER XLIII. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN THE INTESTINES. . . . 793 



Structure of the Pancreas, 793. Composition of the Secretion, 794. Secre- 

 tory Nerve Fibers to the Pancreas, 794. The Curve of Secretion, 795. Nor- 

 mal Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion, 796. Secretin, 796. Enterokinase, 

 797. Digestive Action of Pancreatic Juice, 798. The Amino-acids, 799. Signifi- 

 cance of Tryptic Digestion, 801. Action of the Diastatic Enzyme (Amylase), 802. 

 Action of the Lipolytic Enyzme (Lipase, Steapsin), 803. The Intestinal Secre- 

 tion (Succus Entericus), 804. Absorption in the Small Intestine, 806. Absorp- 

 tion of Carbohydrates, 808. Absorption of Fats, 809. Absorption of Proteins, 

 811. Digestion and Absorption in the Large Intestine, 812. Bacterial Action in 

 the Small Intestine, 813. Bacterial Actipn in the Large Intestine, 814. Physio- 

 logical Importance of Intestinal Putrefaction, 815. Composition of the Feces, 816 



CHAPTER XLIV. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN 818 



Structure of the Liver, 818. Composition of Bile, 818. The Bile Pigments, 

 820. The Bile Acids, 821. Cholesterin, 823. Lecithin, Fats, and Nucleo- 

 albumins, 824. Secretion of the Bile, 824. Ejection of the Bile Function of 

 the Gall-bladder, 826. Occulsion of the Bile-ducts, 827. Physiological ' Im- 

 portance of Bile, 828. Occurrence of Glycogen, 829. Origin of Glycogen, 830. 

 Function of Glycogen, Glycogenic Theory, 832. Glycogen in the Muscles 

 and Other Tissue, 834. Conditions Affecting the Supply of Glycogen, 835. 

 Formation of Urea in the Liver, 835. Physiology of the Spleen, 836. 



CHAPTER XLV. THE KIDNEY AND SKIN AS EXCRETORY ORGANS 839 



Structure of the Kidney, 839. The Secretion of Urine, 840. Function of the 

 Glomerulus, 842. Function of the Convoluted Tubule, 844. Action of Diu- 

 retics, 846. The Blood Flow Through the Kidneys, 847. Hormone Stimulation, 

 849. The Composition of Urine, 850. The Nitrogenous Excreta in the Urine, 

 , 851. Origin and Significance of Urea, 853.-y-Origin and Significance of the 

 Purin Bodies (Uric Acid, Xanthin, Hypoxanthin), 856. Origin and Significance 

 of the Creatinin and Creatin, 859. Hippuric Acid, 860. The Conjugated Sul- 

 phates and the Sulphur Excretion, 861. Secretion of the Water and Inorganic 

 Salts, 862. Micturition, 863. Contractions of the Bladder. 864. Nervous 

 Mechanism of Micturition, 866. Excretory Functions of the Skin, 867. Com- 

 position of Sweat, 867. Secretory Fibers of Sweat Glands, 869. Sweat Centers, 

 870. Sebaceous Secretion, 871. Excretion of Carbon Dioxid through the Skin, 

 872. 



