192 PHYSIOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



various kinds, but not in an intelligent way. If, for instance, a 

 painful stimulus was applied to the skin, he would growl or bark, 

 and turn his head toward the place stimulated; but did not attempt 

 to bite. No caressing could arouse signs of pleasure, and no 

 threatening signs of fear or anger. Like the pigeon, the most con- 

 spicuous defect in the animal was a lack of intelligent response, 

 that is, the responses to sensory stimuli were simple, and evidently 

 did not involve complex associations with past experiences. His 

 memory records, for the most part, had been destroyed. Goltz 

 records that when starved he showed signs of hunger, and that 

 eventually he learned to feed himself when his nose was brought 

 into contact with the food, although he was not able to recognize 

 food placed near him. He would reject food with a disagreeable 

 taste. When sleeping he gave no signs of dreaming, differing in 

 this respect from normal dogs. On human beings observations of 

 a similar character have been made on children born without the 

 brain. In one interesting case* of this kind, in which autopsy re- 

 vealed a total destruction of the cerebral hemispheres, the child 

 lived for nearly four years. During that time no signs of intelli- 

 gence could be detected. The child never showed any recogni- 

 tion of its mother and lay for the most part in a somnolent condi- 

 tion without movement, the arms and legs showing also a condition 

 of contracture. No cutaneous or general sensibility could be 

 determined. 



Localization of Functions in the Cerebrum. When the 

 belief was established that the cerebrum is the organ of the higher 

 psychical activities there arose naturally the question whether dif- 

 ferent parts of the cortex have different functions corresponding 

 to the various faculties of the mind, or whether the cerebrum is 

 functionally equivalent throughout, in the same sense, for instance, 

 as the liver. This question of the localization of functions in the 

 brain (cerebrum) has been much debated, but the most interesting 

 and important discussions upon the subject belong to the nine- 

 teenth century. About the beginning of the century Franz Joseph 

 Gall, at that tune a physician in Vienna, began to teach publicly his 

 well-known system of cranioscopy or, as it was later designated by 

 his chief disciple (Spurzheim), system of phrenology, f Gall, from 

 his early youth, was possessed with the idea that the different facul- 

 ties of the mind are mediated through different parts of the brain, 

 that in it we have to deal not with a single, but with a plurality of 

 organs. This belief was in opposition to the current ideas of his 



* Edinger and Fischer, "Pfliiger's Archiv," 152, 535, 1913. 

 t Gall (and Spurzheim), "Recherches sur la systeme nerveux en general 

 et sur celui du cerveau en particulier," 1810-19. 



