CEREBELLUM, PONS, AND MEDULLA. 239 



modifications, by Luciani.* Some of the details of the work of 

 the latter observer are given below. 



Experimental Work Upon the Cerebellum. Rolando, and par- 

 ticularly Flourens, gave the direction to modern experimentation 

 in this subject. The latter observer made numerous observations, 

 especially on pigeons, in regard to the effect of removing all or a 

 part of the cerebellum. He describes in detail the striking results 

 of such an operation. When all or a large part of the organ is re- 

 moved the animal shows a most distressing inability to stand or 

 move. There seems to be no muscular paralysis, but, at first, 

 a total lack of power to co-ordinate properly the contractions of the 

 various muscles involved in maintaining equilibrium. The animal 

 takes a most abnormal position, with the head retracted and 

 twisted, and any attempt to move is followed by violent disorderly 

 contractions that may result in a series of involuntary somersaults. 

 The animal is totally unable to fly. When the injury to the cere- 

 bellum is less the effect upon the movements is either too slight 

 to be noticed or is shown hi a greater or less uncertainty hi its 

 movements. When it attempts to walk, for instance, it exhibits 

 a staggering, drunken gait, a condition designated as cerebellar 

 ataxia. Similar operations on mammals give in general the same 

 results. If the operation is unilateral, that is, affects only one 

 hemisphere, the animal (dog) exhibits forced movements, such 

 as a tendency to roll around the long axis of his body toward the 

 injured side and subsequently movements in a circle toward the same 

 side. In man there are several cases on record in which the 

 organ was shown by autopsy to be largely or completely atro- 

 phied, and numerous cases of tumors affecting the cerebellum 

 have also been reported. In the latter group of cases there 

 may be certain marked subjective symptoms, such as headache, 

 and especially vertigo, but on the objective side the neurologists 

 emphasize the fact that in cerebellar disorders the lack of accurate 

 co-ordination or asynergy is the fundamental symptom. This 

 condition may be manifested by an ataxic gait, by muscular 

 tremors, and, especially, by lack of skill in performing certain 

 definite movements which require the associated activity of several 

 muscles for example, the placing of the finger to the nose or 

 the rapid alternation in the contraction of antagonistic muscles, 

 abduction and adduction, or pronation and supination.f So 



* For the literature of the cerebellum, see Luciani, "II cervelleto," Flor- 

 ence, 1891; German translation, "Das Kleinhirn," 1893. Also Luciani, article 

 "Das Kleinhirn/' in "Ergebnesse der Physiologic," vol. iii, part ii, p. 259, 

 1904, and van Rynberk, ibid., 653, 1908. 



f Mills and Weisenburg, "Journal of the American Medical Association," 

 November 21, 1914. 



