EFFECT OF MUSCULAR WORK AND TEMPERATURE. 945 



innervation of the muscles of the body. Indeed, it is stated* 

 that unless the lowering of the temperature is sufficient to cause 

 shivering or muscular tension no increase in the excretion of CO 2 

 results. This fact suffices to explain, therefore, the physiological 

 value of shivering and muscular restlessness when the outside 

 temperature is low. The fact that variations in outside tempera- 

 ture affect only the consumption of non-protein material falls in, 

 therefore, with the conception of the nature of the metabolism 

 of muscle in activity, given above. When the means of regulating 

 the body temperature break down from too long an exposure to 

 excessively low or excessively high temperatures, the total body 

 metabolism, protein as well as non-protein, increases with a rise 

 in body temperature and decreases with a fall in temperature. In 

 fevers arising from pathological causes it has been shown that there 

 is an increased excretion of nitrogen as well as of carbon dioxid. 



Effect of Starvation. A starving animal must live upon the 

 material present in its body. This material consists of the fat 

 stored up, the circulating and tissue protein, and the glycogen. 

 The latter, which is present in comparatively small quantities, is 

 quickly used, disappearing more or less rapidly according to the 

 extent of muscular movements made. Thereafter the animal lives 

 on its own protein and fat, and if the starvation is continued to a 

 fatal termination the body becomes correspondingly emaciated. 

 Examination of the several tissues in animals starved to death has 

 brought out some interesting facts. Voit took two cats of nearly 

 equal weight, fed them equally for ten days, and then killed one to 

 serve as a standard for comparison and starved the other for thirteen 

 days; the latter animal lost 1017 gms. in weight, and the loss was 

 divided as follows among the different organs: 



Loss TO 



SUPPOSED WEIGHT ACTUAL LOBS EACH 100 GMS. 

 OF ORGANS BEFORE OF ORGANS OF FRESH ORGAN 

 STARVATION. IN GMS. (PERCENTAGE Loss) 



Bone 393.4 54.7 13.9 



Muscle 1408.4 429.4 30.5 



Liver 91.9 49.4 53.7 



Kidney 25.1 6.5 25.9 



Spleen 8.7 5.8 66.7 



Pancreas 6.5 1.1 17.0 



Testes 2.5 1.0 40.0 



Lungs 15.8 2.8 17.7 



Heart 11.5 0.3 2.6 



Intestines 118.0 20.9 18.0 



Brain and cord 40.7 1.3 3.2 



Skin and hair 432.8 89.3 20.6 



Fat 275.4 267.2 97 



Blood 138.5 37.3 27.0 



Remainder 136.0 50.0 36.8 



According to these results, the greatest absolute loss was in the 

 muscles (429 gms.), while the greatest percentage loss was in the fat 

 * Johannson, "Skandinavisches Archiv f. Physiologie," 7, 123, 1897 

 60 



