GRAFTING AND BUDDING 317 



united with the stock, when they may be cut to 

 give room for further growth. 



All cut surfaces should be carefully waxed as 

 in ordinary cleft grafting. 



It is well to tie ordinary paper sacks over the 

 grafts, covering the stock as far down as it has 

 been cut. These are allowed to remain until the 

 buds have made a good start when they may be 

 torn open and finally removed. 



In making all grafts, care must be exercised 

 in getting the cuts on cions and stocks smooth, 

 so that the parts may fit closely together. In the 

 cutting of each side, a single bold clear cut is 

 better than whittling and trimming. 



The "tongue" or "whip" graft is used in 

 making bench (i. e., indoor) grafts and some- 

 times in "top grafting" trees. Top grafting 

 consists in placing grafts on the various branches 

 of a tree in order to change it over to the new 

 variety. The tongue graft differs from the cleft 

 graft in that there is a cleft and wedge on both 

 cion and stock. These interlock when closely 

 pressed together. This mode of grafting is 

 seldom used except on branches less than one- 

 half inch in diameter. It is very difficult to make 

 the proper cut on branches larger than this. In 

 top grafting large trees, it is often well to graft 

 only on the strongest branches one season, and 



