MAN AND BRUTE. 7 



wherein they differ. I shall, therefore, here begin by briefly 

 stating the points of agreement, and then proceed more care- 

 fully to consider all the more important views which have 

 hitherto been propounded concerning the points of difference. 



If we have regard to Emotions as these occur in the 

 brute, we cannot fail to be struck by the broad fact that the 

 area of psychology which they cover is so nearly co-extensive 

 with that which is covered by the emotional faculties of man. 

 In my previous works I have given what I consider unquestion- 

 able evidence of all the following emotions, which I here name 

 in the order of their appearance through the psychological 

 scale, — fear, surprise, affection, pugnacity, curiosity, jealous}', 

 anger, play, sympathy, emulation, pride, resentment, emotion 

 of the beautiful, grief, hate, cruelty, benevolence, revenge, rage, 

 shame, regret, deceitfulness, emotion of the ludicrous.* 



Now, this list exhausts all the human emotions, with the 

 exception of those which refer to religion, moral sense, and 

 perception of the sublime. Therefore I think we are fully 

 entitled to conclude that, so far as emotions are concerned, it 

 cannot be said that the facts of animal psychology raise any 

 difficulties against the theory of descent. On the contrary, 

 the emotional life of animals is so strikingly similar to the 

 emotional life of man — and especially of young children — 

 that I think the similarity ought fairly to be taken as direct 

 evidence of a genetic continuity between them. 



And so it is with regard to Instinct. Understanding this 

 term in the sense previously defined,t it is unquestionably 

 true that in man — especially during the periods of infancy 

 and youth — sundry well-marked instincts are presented, 

 which have reference chiefly to nutrition, self-preservation, 

 reproduction, and the rearing of progeny. No one has 



* See Men/al Evolution in Aiii»tals, chapter on tlie Emotions. 



t Mental Evoltilion in Animals, p. 159. "The term is a generic one, com- 

 prising all the faculties of mind which are concerned in conscious and adaptive 

 action, antecedent to individual experience, without necessary knowledge of the 

 relation between means employed and ends attained, but similarly performed 

 under similar and frequently recurring circumstances by all individuals of the 

 same species." 



