1 98 MENTAL EVOLUTIOX IX MAX. 



to say, the logic of rccepts, even in brutes, is sufficient to 

 enable the mind to establish true analogies between its own 

 states (although these are not yet the objects of separate 

 attention, or of what may be termed subjective knowledge), 

 and the corresponding states of other minds. I need not 

 dwell upon this point, because I take it to be a matter of 

 general observation that animals habitually and accurately 

 interpret the mental states of other animals, while they also 

 well know that other animals are able similarly to interpret 

 theirs — as is best proved by their practising the arts of 

 cunning, concealment, hypocrisy, &c.* From which con- 

 siderations we reach the general conclusion, that intelligent 

 animals recognize a world of ejects as well as a world of 

 objects : mental existence is known to them cjectively, 

 though, as may be allowed, never thought upon subjectively. t 

 It is of importance further to observe that at this stage of 

 mental evolution the individual — whether an animal or an 

 infant — so far realizes its own individuality as to be informed 

 by the logic of recepts that it is one of a kind. I do not 

 mean that at this stage the individual realizes its own or any 

 other individuality as such ; but merely that it recognizes the 

 fact of its being one among a number of similar though 

 distinct forms of life. Alike in conflict, rivalry, sense of 



* See for cases of this, Animal Intelligence, pp. 410, 443, 444, 450-452, 458, 



494- 



t The following is a good example of ejective ideation in a brute — all the 

 better, perhaps, on account of being so familiar. I quote it from Quatrefage's 

 Hiimati Speci^Sj'i^'p. 20, 21 : — " I must here beg permission to relate the remembrance 

 of my struggles with a mastiff of pure breed and which had attained its full size, 

 remaining, however, ver}' young in character. We were very good friends and 

 often played together. As soon as ever I assumed an attitude of defence before 

 him, he \\ould leap upon me with every appearance of fury, seizing in his mouth 

 the arm which I had used as a shield. He might have marked my arm deeply at 

 the first onset, but he never pressed it in a manner that could inflict the slightest 

 pain. I often seized his lower jaw with my hand, but he never used his teeth so 

 as to bite me. And yet the next moment the same teeth would indent a piece of 

 wood I tried to tear away from them. This animal evidently knew what it was 

 doing when it feigned the passion precisely opposite to that which it really felt ; 

 when, even in the excitement of play, it retained sufficient mastery over its 

 movements to avoid hurting me. In reality it played a part in a comedy, and we 

 cannot act without being conscious of it." 



