ORCHARD AND VINEYARD. (505 



catalpa, soft maples, American larch, Gcotch pine, yellow pino 

 (from the Rocky mountains), Norv/a^r r-pruce, arbor vitoe, Rocky 

 mo'jintain silver spruce, and a fsT other kinds. In all about 

 one thousand evergreens in thrifty condition. 



ORCHARD AND VINEYARD. 



My orchard contains about two hundred and fifty fruit 

 trees, of which the apple trees are planted tliirty feet apart, 

 intermixed at a distance of fifteen feet apart, with different 

 varieties of crab apple, plum, cherry, and peach trees. 



Grasshoppers destroyed my seven-acre orchard (mostly 

 apple trees), in the year 1874 ; since that time I have reduced 

 my orchard to the number stated, and have replanted only Avith 

 such varieties as proved capable of withstanding the ravages 

 of this pest. 



My little vineyard now contains about eight hundred grape 

 vines, principally Concord ; the remainder being thirty-five 

 Clinton, thirty-five Ives, thirty Hartford, twentj^-five Catawba, 

 and thirty Elvira vines. They are trained to wire trellises 

 six and one-half feet high, of five wires. I have besides, 

 twenty-eight choice varieties, in single vines, on trial, for the 

 purpose of experimenting and testing them as to hardiness and 

 adaptability for this part of the country. 



My mode of cultivation, for orchard as well as for grapery, 

 is : shallow plowing in early Spring, and a second shallow re- 

 plowing in the latter part of June — after which all cultivation 

 ceases. In November, I trim my grape vines (renewal system), 

 and cover with old prairie hay as Winter protection. 



SMALL FRUITS. 



I have the red and white Dutch and cherry curran^c, and 

 the black Naples, in a row, planted four feet apart. The goose- 

 berries, of which I have the Amciican Houghton and Mountain 

 Seedling, Smith's improved, and Downing's white, are planted 

 the same way and receive a similar cultivation to the orchard 

 and vineyard. Of blackberries, I cultivate, for home use, J.13 

 Snyder and Lawton, and of raspberries I have tlic Gregg, 

 Turner, and Philadelphia now on trial, and a native Black Cap 



