b. Interspecific: Species in similar zones which appeared to be 



negatively correlated with local Spiranthes diluvialis distribution are 

 likely competitors, including: Calamagrostis inexpansa,Carex 

 praegracilis Elymus trachycaulus and others. Some monoculture 

 species like cattail (Typha latifolia) probably represented hydrological 

 alteration of habitat from mowing and irrigation rather than direct 

 competition. Exotic species that appeared to be significant 

 competitors include at least Festuca elatior, but exotic species like 

 Agrostis stolonifera are strongly associated with it. 



3. Toxic and allelopathic interactions: None are known. It is often in locales 

 where Trifolium frageriferum is present, and sometimes Trifolium repens, but 

 it is absent from the immediate vicinity of these exotic nitrogen-fixing 

 legumes. The exotic legumes may affect the rhizosphere nutrient condition, 

 competition, and/or mycorrhizae as required by Spiranthes diluvialis, though 

 they are not known to be allelopathic. ; ; ^:\ ^^ 



D. Hybridization. 



1. Naturally occurring: There was no evidence of hybridization. It is parapatric 

 with S. romanzoffiana in some of the same counties, though it is in far 

 different settings and habitats such that they are unlikely to be even in the 

 same townships for cross-pollination to take place. 



2. Artificially induced: No record. 



3. Potential in cultivation: Research into seed germination, propagation and 

 transplanting was being conducted by the Red Butte Gardens of Salt Lake 

 City, and the Denver Botanic Gardens. 



E. Other factors of population ecology: None known. 

 9. Current land ownership and management responsibility. 



A. General nature of ownership: The ten occurrences include 1-6 different ownerships 

 per occurrence. The species is found primarily on privately-owned land, but part or 

 all of three occurrences are on state-administered land. 



B. Specific landowners (Montana): Landowner information is summarized on the next 

 page. 



40 



