TWENriETH ANNUAL MEETING. 73 



taken off. Trees perhaps that were higher or a Httlc 

 outside of the unfolding of the leaves, did not suffer so much. 

 We found in the orchards that there was a difference in the 

 position of the trees, some trees suffered much worse than 

 others, and we found that the russeting in general was more 

 severe in the northern part of the state than towards the 

 Sound, where the frost injury was less, so there seems to be 

 no question but that this russeting of the apples is due to 

 some other cause than spraying, and the frosts seem to be, 

 as far as I could make out, largely responsible for it. 



There may also be russeting due to moisture on the fruit 

 when quite young. Anyway, it is certain that this year not 

 all the russeting was due to spraying, presumably largely due 

 to frost on sprayed trees, but as 18 to 20 per cent of the 

 apples showed more or less russeting, but on sprayed trees 

 this went as high as 40 per cent, so that the season is a big 

 factor in this russeting of the fruit, not only with the sprayed, 

 but with the unsprayed trees. Now in taking this percent- 

 age of russeted fruit, we had to assume a spray of standard, 

 because it is very difficult in this state with certain varieties 

 like the Greening- this year, to find fruit that did not show the 

 same evidences of russeting. So we assumed in our mind a 

 standard of only a small amount of russeting which we called 

 free. 



We had a different type of what we called scald russet- 

 ing from the lime-sulphur sprays, and that usually occurred 

 on the fruit that was exposed to the sun, on the southern 

 side of the trees, more, and on the exposed side of the apples. 



We had, too, some injury to the foliage occasionally, the 

 spotting of the foliage, on the side of the trees that were most 

 exposed to the sun, and I am not sure but what some injury 

 may occur from rain on apple leaves, producing spotting of 

 apples. \\'e had young apples that were not sprayed that 

 showed consiflerable of a leaf scorch. 



There is a fungus in this state, the black rt)t fungus, 

 that is quite abundant in the early spring when the leaves 



