148 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Of this ninety per cent, some sixty to seventy-five nii^ht l>e 

 fancy and fifteen to thirty choice. ^l\\ Shepard, however, is 

 an exceptionallv fine g'rower. In some cases onlv sixtv to 

 seventy-five per cent would be box fruit, with a varying pro- 

 portion of fancy and choice grades. The high percentage of 

 box fruit can be accounted for by their careful methods of 

 culture, thorough spraying, and thinning the fruit, which, of 

 course, is not such a tasK on their comparativelv voung trees. 

 Then they or their families do most of the work and prac- 

 tically live in the orchard. When they see a poor specimen 

 they pick it off. If we exercised the same care, we could un- 

 doubtedly get the same percentage of high grade fruit. Culls. 

 They have cull fruit even in Washington and Oregon. I was 

 surprised to find that they were not making a better disposi- 

 tion of them. Cider is the only use they are put to at about 

 $7.50 per ton. With us, culls, if sold for what they are, bring- 

 in a considerable source of income. 



Insect Enemies and Fungous Diseases. The newer 

 sections, particularly the rainless countries, do not as 

 yet have many fungous troubles, though they are increasing. 

 In Hood River, apple scab, anthraxnose of the tree 

 (like our tree canker), and dry rot of the' fruit, are all 

 to be reckoned with. The dry rot, in particular, seemed to 

 me a serious problem in all this country. The coddling moth 

 and the woolly aphis, the latter particularly, have to be fought 

 in the rainless countries. 



As a general rule, I found practically all of the growers 

 using a winter fungicide, and only a limited number using a 

 summer fungicide. Bordeaux 6-6-50 and commercial lime 

 and sulphur were the winter sprays; commercial lime and 

 sulphur the summer spray, where used. Arsenate of lead 

 alone seemed to be the general rule. Bordeaux as a summer 

 fungicide has been practically discarded for some time. 



Age of Bearing. Trees in the Northwest, as a rule, bear 

 earlier than they do with us. This is possibly due to climatic 

 conditions, but more, it seems to me, on account of the fer- 



