1890. 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



13 



fermentation does set in, it may be driven off by 

 re-heatingr the wine. The bottles are tlien laid on 

 their sides in a cool place, and the organic foreign 

 substances must be allowed to settle, so that 

 the liquid may become clear. 



The settling may occupy whatever period the 

 manufacturer chooses. Sufficient time should, 

 however, be given. But, it can lie six months or 

 a year without damage. At the end of the set- 

 tling period it is decanted into other bottles, the 

 sediment, being left behind. These bottles must 

 be brimful, and are again set into vats of hot 

 water heated up to the same degree as at Urst, 

 and corked in precisely the same manner, using 

 sealing wax to exclude the air. The wine is then 

 left to cool in the ordinary way, and must be 

 kept in a cool place. 



It is now ready for use, and will keep as long 

 as it is kept free from contact with the atmos- 

 phere. It forms a delightful beverage, entirely 

 tree from alcohol, and is valuable for invalids 

 and children. 



Plants of Recent Introduction. 

 Mr. Simmonds of Ohio presented a com- 

 mittee report to the Florists' Convention 

 about recent plants from which we extract 

 the following : 



Geraniums for 18il0, comprise improvements in 

 colors and markings, heretofore unseen in these 

 plants. The Bruant type is a decided improve- 

 ment. 



In Begonias, Paul Bruant is the king of all the 

 flowering sorts ; it resembles gllsimii. The flower 

 being a combination of pale pink and delicate 

 green, borne in drooping panicles of immense 

 size. It blooms for a long time, and shows great 

 freedom of growth. 



Triomphe de Lemoine is a Begonia, which when 

 well grown presents the appearance of a huge 

 boquet of rosy carmine flowers, which have an 

 exquisite waxen finish. The leaves are six inches 

 in diameter, of a heavy texture, and disposed in 

 fine shrubby form. Blooming begins in Jan- 

 uary, and continues for tour or five months. 



President Carnot Begonia stands the blazing 

 sun as well as a Geranium, and continues to 

 bloom throughout the season, having large trus- 

 ses of a soft, rosy crimson hue. 



Hydrangea Ked- Branched is allied to Hortensis, 

 closely resembles Otaksa in form and color of 

 truss, except that the Individual florets are larger 

 and brighter ; is thought by some to be identical 

 with t'yatu dana. H. stellata ruhi'a plena is a 

 double form of H. stellata prolifcra, of the same 

 vigorous type, and easy culture ; every branch 

 terminates in double florets of a good size. The 

 flowers at first are tinted white, and then pass 

 through deepening shades of rose, lilac, and 

 violet, until at last they become a sombre shade 

 of red. 



The Hardy Rose class has a grand addition in 

 Oscar II, Roi de Suede. In Europe last year, it 

 was unsurpassed for dark velvety richness, fine 

 size and good form, besides carrying a shade of 

 color which renders it quite distinct. 



In Tea Roses several good sorts are claiming 

 attention; J. B. Varone is large and double, with 

 a good shape, having a color of China Rose, shad- 

 ing to bright carmine, and a center of soft lemon. 

 Mme. Marthe du Co^Ty is a fine grower of the 

 Watteville type, with color more pronounced. 



Gladiolas Snow White is nearly pure white, 

 and bears forcing well. 



Physianthus or Shubertia (irandiflwa is a valu- 

 able climbing plant, which requires warm green- 

 house treatment, when it will yield trusses of 

 pure white flowers. Bellconica aturastriata is a 

 very marked plant, that may readily become of 

 commercial value. DraccBna indivisa variegata 

 and FHcjtg elastica variegata (variegated Rubber 

 Plant) are exceedingly desirable. 



The new dwarf Cannas are perhaps the most 

 important addition to the garden, the following 

 seeming to be the best : President Carnot, a 

 beautiful sort, throwing out a profusion of 

 bronzy-purple foliage, from which rise numer- 

 ous flower spikes of deep carmine, shading to a 

 lighter tint at the edge of the petals. Mde. 

 Crozy is a clear, brilliant vermilbon, lightly 

 bordered with gold. The flowers are of the 

 largest size seen in this family. The foliage is 

 compact and massive, of a brilliant shade of 

 green ; l)oth sorts have flowers rivaling the 

 finest Gladioli. 



The following are also sorts which can safely 

 be recommended : Souv de Asa Gray has bright 

 green foliage ; flowers large, of a light salmon 

 color, flaked and streaked with carmine. Ad- 

 miral Courbet has Pea-green leaves, very large 



flowers, of a light lemon yellow, flamed and 

 spotted with crimson. 



Antoine Crozy, with rich green foliage, is a 

 strong, vigorous grower, and free bloomer, the 

 flowers are of a bright. Cherry carmine and 

 very effective. Geoflroy St. Hillaire is also a 

 strong, free-growing sort, with rich bronzy- 

 purple foliage, large, well-shaped flowers of a 

 rich, glowing scarlet and Orange, distinct and 

 showy. Jules Chretein, dwarf, but vigorous 

 grower ; foliage a cheerful, pleasing gi-een ; 

 large flowers with long petals of a bright cerise 

 crimson. 



General de Negrier, fair-sized blossoms, borne 

 in large trasses of a bright crimson color, over- 

 laid with violet, foliage being a rich bronzy hue. 

 Francoise Lapante, foliage deep green with 

 purple ribs and veins ; flowers of medium size, 

 but of a most intensely rich crimson ; handsome 

 and attractive Prof. David is a distinct, hand- 

 some and novel sort, has good-sized flowers of a 

 deep cinnamon red color, edged and streaked 

 with old gold. 



Epiphyllum mahoyana, a fine hybrid, is one of 

 the freest blooming of all plants, a rapid grower, 

 requiring little attention, and bearing the great- 

 est profusion of crimson scarlet flowers. In 00 

 very distant time, we believe, this plant will be 

 found in nearly every window collection. 



Among the Chrysanthemums, Etoile de Lyon 

 is a very fine, large, white-flowering sort. 



Maklngr the Most of Ten Acres. 



(From paper by E. Morden, be/ore the Ontario Fruit 

 Growers' Association.) 



The ftrst requisite to success is the right 

 man in the right place. By the right place 

 I mean that he should be situated near a 

 good supply of fertilizers, and near a good 

 local market. I do not believe in wear- 

 ing out my life in making express com- 

 panies rich. I mean also that he should be 

 near a good shipping point, so that he can 

 send away his sitrpliis, and he needs also a 

 place where the soil is right for his business. 

 It is easier to buy the right kind of soil than 

 it is to make it after you have bought that 

 which is unsuitable. 



In planting small fruits, etc., it pays to use the 

 plough a great deal, and to mark out in such a 

 way that the plants can always be cultivated in 

 two ways. 



At the outset, two crops may be grown ; for 

 instance, with Grapes, by planting twelve feet 

 apart, the space intervening may be utilized with 

 vegetables. 



What should be planted in order to realize the 

 most money wiU depend upon the soil. On a 

 clay loam, for instance, I would plant largely of 

 Currants, but on a light sandy soil 1 would plant 

 few Currants. In suitable soil I find Currants 

 profitable, at least on a moderate scale, and 

 Gooseberries also. 



Raspberries I have grown very largely, and 

 have found them as profitable as any other fruit. 

 I always cultivate them two ways. 



My method of sale is to take orders from pri- 

 vate families, dealing as much as possible with 

 them. In this way I can get back all my bas- 

 kets, and, with them, the cash the same day. 



Blackberries, Grapes, Quinces, with a few 

 Plums and Pears, are all suitable to be grown on 

 a ten-acre lot. 



One great secret of success is constant culti- 

 vation, and this there is no reason to neglect on 

 a small place. I sometimes cultivate and hoe 

 my fruit garden as often as fifteen times in a 

 single season. 



Various Questions in Horticulture. 



(Extract of paper by Prof. E. S. Ooff, read before the 

 Wiscor^in State Horticultural Society.) 



Hardy App'.es, Many observing men are 

 convinced that the Apple problem for the 

 northwest is not to be solved by Russian 

 varieties. Many sorts can endure Wisconsin 

 winters, but many other difficulties are 

 encountered. 



Many Russian varieties that resist cold, suffer 

 severely by blight in summer. Few of them lu'e 

 of high quality, and most ripen early in the 

 season, and keep poorly during winter. I hope 

 that Russian Apples may yet be found that shall 

 prove hardy both in winter and summer, of fine 

 quality and good keepers. 



Even if the Russian Apple is a failure we should 

 not give up the problem. Our Russian neighbors, 



by long continued propagation by seed, and care- 

 ful selection, found varieties suited to their 

 wants. By adopting their methods to some extent, 

 we can probably develop varieties that shall be 

 equally well suited to our wants. We have 

 cold-resisting varieties to cross with ours of bet- 

 ter quality, more congenial season, and that 

 endure our summer heat. We must give up the 

 idea that we can transplant our orchards bodily 

 from Russia, and resort to propagation Irom 

 crossed seeds. Nature will assort our seedlings 

 with respect to hardiness, and we need select 

 only for quality and season. We can of course 

 do nothing at acclimatization so long as we prop- 

 agate by grafting or budding. When we prop- 

 agate In this way we are only dividing up a single 

 individual into new plants. But when we grow 

 plants from seeds, there is variation, and even if 

 the conditions are different from those that sur- 

 round the parent, some of the seedlings may 

 prove able to endure the new en\'lronment. 



The Wisconsin Experiment Station should 

 plant of our finest native varieties of Apples, 

 and intermingled with these, trees of the hardiest 

 and longest keeping Russians, in order to later 

 furnish crossed seeds for distribution to various 

 parts of the state. Trees from these seeds should 

 be permitted to grow without grafting or bud- 

 ding to bearing size, when those unworthy of 

 preservation can be top-worked if desired. 



I sometimes question if it would not be better 

 to permit all seedlings to grow to bearing size 

 Ijcfore working. Mr. Downing relates of the 

 Washington Plum, which has been a standard for 

 sixty years, that the original seedling tree had 

 been grafted to another variety, but a sucker 

 which grew from its roots was transplanted, and 

 by good fortune escaped destruction. 



The Bartlett Pear is said to have sprung from 

 seed in the garden of Mr. Wheeler, a school-mas- 

 ter, about the year 17H4, and was suffered to re- 

 main in order to prove the value of its fruit. 

 If Mr. Wheeler had been a nurseryman, this best 

 ot all Pears would probably have been sacrificed 

 as a stock for some gritty sort of which we have 

 never heard. 



Seedling Fruits. Could we prevent cross fer- 

 tilization in the blossoms ot our fruit trees, how 

 far would varieties reproduce themselves? Cer- 

 tain varieties of the Plum and Peach may be de- 

 pended upon to reproduce from the pit, and in 

 Russia, certain varieties of the Apple, it is said, 

 are propagated by seed. Possibly by inclosing 

 individual branches on our fruit trees in sacks, 

 we should discover that many ot our varieties 

 are capable of reproducing themselves from seed. 

 Seedling trees are longer lived, and often 

 more vigorous than the grafted trees. In indis- 

 criminate grafting often the stock is not well 

 adapted to the variety worked upon it, and a 

 short-lived or unproductive tree is the result. 



Grape NotCB. Prof. Henry's experiments with 

 Grapes have been very satisfactory, notwith- 

 standing that he leaves on more wood than is 

 orthodox in the east. 



Can the removal of so much wood as is prac- 

 ticed in the eastern vineyards be other than det- 

 rimental? Under the present system of culture 

 the Grape is peculiarly subject to disease. Prot. 

 Scribner has described six different fungus dis- 

 eases of the Wne, three are extremely destructive 

 in certain parts of our country. May not this 

 great liability to disease be the result, in part, of 

 excessive pruning? Experiments seem to show 

 that productiveness might be increased by less 

 pruning. 



Wild Fruits. Are any wild fruits susceptible 

 of improvement, so that they may become valu- 

 able additions. We have severely slighted our 

 native fruits In the old world, a class of fruits 

 has been developed adapted to their soil and 

 climate. We have sought to reap at once the 

 benefit of that long process of improvement by 

 removing their fruits to our land, with its widely 

 different chmatic conditions. 



To what extent our precarious fruit crops are 

 assignable to this cause I do not know. The 

 foreign Grape we have abandoned, and in its 

 stead has sprung up a multitude of vastly im- 

 proved varieties of native Grapes. The same 

 may be said of the Raspberry. Would it not 

 have been a good fortune for us had the im- 

 ported Plum and Cherry been more susceptible 

 to injury from the curculio, and less able to 

 endure our winters? If so, by this time perhaps 

 we might have been rejoicing in delicious native 

 Plums and Cherries that should be as hardy as 

 their unimproved parents. 



One boon of the experiment station is to dem- 

 onstrate that, with some exceptions, America's 



