I89I. 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



137 



Paris green or hellebore in water. An hour 

 after, the bushes will be clean; but the insects 

 keep on coniing. and a second crop again appears 

 later in the season. 



The larva of the moth is known as the Goose- 

 berry span-worm. It has black spots. There is 

 but one brood in a year. Although not killed so 

 easily, it will succumb to applications of Paris 

 green water This is a small creature and easily 

 escapes observation. 



The borer is often very troublesome. Its par- 

 ent is a handsome little moth. The larva works 

 inside the stem. Best remedy is to keep watch, 

 cut off the infested wood and burn it. The in- 

 sect remains inside the cone in chrysalis state 

 during winter. 



Apple Scab. Prof. L. H. Baily says that the 

 Apple scab was known fifty years ago. Spores 

 were plenty in spring of 1890, and the season 

 favorable to their germination. The fruit fail- 

 ure was to a large part due to the scab. Both 

 flowers and fruit are attacked, and the fungus 

 spread rapidly. Neither Paris green nor London 

 purple, if properly applied, will scorch the 

 foliage. But people, in applying poisons, must 

 be careful. The liquid should be kept constant- 

 ly stirred while being applied, to guard against 

 injury by a more concentrated solution in the 

 bottom of the barrel. The spray should be fine 

 and mist-like. The best way to combat the cur- 

 culio is by spraying. 



We can't tell whether scab will come this year 

 or not. It may not make an appearance, any- 

 way; but our only safety is in spraying. Many 

 spores on the bare trees might possibly be killed 

 by spraying once or twice during winter. 



CONDENSED GLEANINGS. 



Professional Tree Prnners. They usually do 

 much damai^e to the fruit trees they get a chance 

 at. I know of one young orchard in which the 

 "professional " had full sway. I am doubtful if 

 it ever will recover from the cutting it received. 

 All the bearing wood had been cut away and the 

 bare limbs and trunks of the trees were good 

 places for the flat-headed borer. A tree in health 

 is so well protected by leaves that the sunlight 

 seldom strikes limb or body. A tree naturally 

 needs no trimming, if it has plenty of room, and 

 not interfered with in any way; but transplanted 

 trees are in artificial condition; they are cut 

 back more or less and in most eases are left 

 with too many limbs when set in the orchard. 

 A neat, compact tree will do the best every time, 

 but better never trim at all than employ a so- 

 called tree-trimmer. Trees that grow like the 

 Baldwin should be started with open heads. The 

 Greening will rarely get much too thick if 

 started a little open at first. The Bartlett is 

 sufficiently open; but the top should be taken 

 out sometimes when inclined j; 



to run too high. It costs too -*■, 



much to gather the fruit when ,~Wi;' 



it is too far from the ground, .*^^^riS^ 

 and the men who can handle 

 long ladders are getting scarcer 

 every year.— J. T. Blackwell in 

 Rural New Yorker. 



Technical Names of Leaf 

 Forms. The engraving illus- 

 trating the form of the frond 

 may be serviceable to young 

 gardeners, as Indicating the 

 degrees of divisions and the 

 technical tei-ms applied to them. 

 The imaginar.v frond, or leaf, 

 is stalked, oval in outline, cord- 

 ate at the base, a; acute at the 

 apex, 6; pinnately divided in 

 various degrees, thus, the two 

 topmost pinnae cc, are "pinnati- 

 fied," or pinnately cleft to the 

 middle, and entire at the 

 margins; the next pair, d, e, arc 

 more deeply clef t, or pinnatisect; /indicates a 

 wide "sinus," or space between the lobes, g, a 

 narrow space. At p, the pinna, or segment, is 

 finely toothed: at q it is serrated, the base being 

 prolonged down the midrib; at r, the pinna is 

 slightly lobed, the lobes being entire; at m, the 

 lobe is crenate at the margin, or divided into 

 shallow rounded lobes, which are again crenu- 

 lated at the margin; at h. the lobes are bidentate 

 at the margins: at I. the lobe is sinuous at the 

 margin, with a projecting lobe at the base; at 11, 

 the pinna is coarsely and obtusely pinnate lobed; 

 at h, the lobe is deeply pinnatisect, the lobules, 

 8, being entirely free; at I. the lobe is twice di- 

 vided, "bipinnatisect," at «, it is cordate ovate- 

 acute, sickle-shaped.— Gardeners' Chronicle. 



i«n 



'i 



Tree in Curi- 

 ous Place. 



Groiring Sngar Beets. The proper time to 

 plant the seed is as early in the spring as the 

 temperature of the soil reaches 40 degrees, and 

 they should be left in the ground until they are 

 thoroughly ripe. This condition can be deter- 

 mined by the leaves turning yellow or by 

 tapping the Beet with a stick. If it sounds as if 

 it was solid and compact then it is ripe. When 

 ripe it is well to pull them a little, so as to break 

 the roots and thus prevent a second growth, as 

 that is ruinous to the saccharine matter; or, 

 what is equally as good, plow them up. They 

 can then be left on the ground until time to 

 market them, unless frost or rain is threatened, 

 when they should be housed. It is not necessary 

 to plant the seed so very deep— just deep enough 

 so that the moisture of the ground may aid it in 

 sprouting. This will have to be determined to a 

 certain extent by the character of the soil. It is 

 best to drill the seed in rows about 16 inches 

 apart, and when the Beets have grown up to 

 some size, thin them out to about six inches 

 space. The earlier cultivation may be by a 

 horse hoe, but the work of thinning must be 

 done by hand, as it requires intelligence.— Com- 

 missioner Jenkins in Bulletin. 



Paraffin-oil as a Fruit Tree Cleanser. Fruit 

 trees of all kinds are apt to be infested with in- 

 sects, including scale and the host of pernicious 

 pests that accompany American blight. Sum- 

 mer syringing has little effect on these, and if 

 once a tree is allowed to get into leaf burdened 

 with parasites, the chances are that they will re- 

 main there all summer and affect the health of 

 the tree to a most injurious extent. I have tried 

 many kinds of insecticides, but not one of them 

 has proved so efficacious as paraffln-oil. If it is 

 mixed at the rate of half a pint to three gallons 

 of water and sprayed lightly on the trees, every 

 vestige of insect life will disappear as if by 

 magic. If one man keeps the solution well 

 stirred while another applies it with the syringe, 

 there need be no fear of it not mixing with the 

 water and going on evenly. It is a mistake to 

 apply it with great force, as is often done, as the 

 object is not to knock off the insects, but merely 

 to moisten them. If all fruit trees in any way 

 affected with insects are treated thus after hav- 

 ing been pruned and before they como into leaf, 

 their improved condition throughout the next 

 season will be apparent.— Gardening Illustrated. 



Crops in Orchards. The best crop an orchard 

 can produce is a crop of fruit. But many think 

 that the soil in that particular locality can do 

 double duty just as well as not. Tet there is a 

 difference. Some crops are worse in an orchard 

 than others; as, for instance, the small grains- 

 Wheat, Oats and Rye. The opinion of the late 

 R L. Pell, who raised and sent to England such 

 immense quantities of the Newtown Pippin 

 Apple a number of years ago, was that three 

 successive crops of Rye would ruin any orchard. 

 On the other hand. Corn, Potatoes, and such 

 products as require cultivation during the grow- 

 ing season, will do less injury, because the trees 

 receive part of the benefit of the operation. 

 Indeed, if manure is supplied to compensate for 

 what is removed in the Corn or Potatoes, the 

 cropping would altogether be beneficial to the 

 trees, except that without special care the roots 

 will be more or less mutilated. In the ease of a 

 young orchard, this danger does not exist— and 

 cropping is to be recommended. But liberal 

 manuring should not be omitted ; and the crops 

 chosen should be those requiring frequent 

 stirring of the soil. —Ex. 



Try for English Walnuts. If we plant Nuts 

 raised in the south of France, Italy, or Spain, 

 the chances are that not one tree in a hundred 

 will prove hardy in any of our Northern States ; 

 but if we secure those from trees acclimated in 

 the north our chances are good for securing 

 hardy and productive trees. As all of the bear- 

 ing English Walnut trees growing in the suburbs 

 of New York City are in the private grounds of 

 those who do not gather the nuts to sell, it is 

 only as a special favor that any considerable 

 number can be obtained for planting. But if 

 the owners of these old and productive trees 

 were made aware of their special value they 

 might be induced either to sell or exchange for 

 the imported nuts. It is also possible to obtain 

 nuts from England and the north of France, and 

 these are far preferable for planting here to 

 those raised further south. The acclimation of 

 plants is a very slow process, but certain in its 

 results ; consequently we should take advantage 

 of it whenever possible to avoid failure and dis- 

 appoiutment.— A. S. Fuller in N. T. Tribune. 



Plnms for Profit. The Plum needs a moist 

 rich soil, and is benefitted by liberal manuring 

 with strong manures like poultry and hog 

 manure. Poultry and pigs allowed to run in 

 Plum orchards are beneficial to the trees and 

 keep the insects in check. The Plum orchard 

 should always be planted near the poultry 

 house so as to be included in the poultry yard. 

 To bring the trees to early bearing, the growth 

 of wood for the year should be cut back about 

 one half, commencing about the last of Septem- 

 ber so as to promote the development of the 

 fruit buds. If the tree makes slow growth it is 



IDEAL FERN FROND. 



advisible to cut back the shoots a little in spring 

 and thin out superfluous shoots. Plum trees gen- 

 erally come into bearing early and are not very 

 long lived, therefore the grower should expect 

 to set new trees in season to have them ready to 

 take the place of the old trees.— Mass.Plo'ghm'n. 



Corners in Flowers. While flowers in some 

 instances serve to express good will to men, they 

 are often the cause of strife among those who 

 deal in them. " Flowers are just like stocks," 

 a leading florist said. " They are not only up to- 

 day and down to-morrow, owing to the market 

 being under or overstocked, but dealers get up 

 corners in them. No sooner is it known that a 

 certain dealer has a large order to fill of a par- 

 ticular flower, than some of the others buy up 

 all in the market, so that he perhaps cannot fill 

 the order, and in any event has to pay so much 

 for the flower that he loses money. Once last 

 season I lost a large order in that way. The man 

 who had given it to me happened to tell another 

 florist what the flower was, and that business 

 rival at once bought up all in the market. 

 Another flower had to be substituted, and I was 

 a biglot of money out of pocket."— N. Y. Sun. 



Trees in Cnrions Places. An instance is told 

 by a correspondent of Home and Farm, of a Fir 

 tree, about eight feet high, with branches pro- 

 jecting about three feet all round at the base, 

 tapering very regularly to the top, which has 

 grown in the hollow of a large Cedar tree that 

 was burned off many years ago, leaving about 

 forty feet of it standing, as the sketch shows. 

 The bottom of the burned tree on which the 

 small one has grown is about five feet in .diam- 

 eter, three feet from the ground, and the top 

 where the small tree is, is about two and a half 

 feet in diameter. 



Oonble Flowers. Dr. Nobbe, of Tharant, as- 

 certainfd by experiment that double flowers of 

 Stocks were produced in larger proportions 

 from those seeds which germinated quickly than 

 from those in which the growth was slower, and 

 which produced a larger number of single 

 flowers. The experiments have been repeated 

 at the Botanic Garden of the University of 

 Ghent, and confirmed.— Gardener's Chronicle. 



Bie Trees of California. Some of the few re- 

 maining ones are very large, and their immense 

 size seems to have been their only safeguard 

 against the ruthless invader, who has been un- 

 able to handle them profitably. Recent measure- 

 ments give to the largest 4.5 feet, 80 feet, 100 feet, 

 and one lOfi feet in circumference. Some thirty 

 years ago, Ellwanger& Barry secured a quantity 

 of seed from these famous trees, and succeeded 

 in raising quite a large lot. Many were sent to 

 different parts of Europe. A few were allowed 

 to remain where planted. They gradually be- 



